Notice (8): Undefined index: http: [APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 8]Code Context
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June 1975 and the constitution of the “People’s Republic of Mozambique” was adopted. The State, according to Marxist-Leninist principles, nationalised lands and wealth and charted the economy. The accent was on the development of teaching and health, women’s emancipation and the promotion of national culture. At an international level, Mozambique consolidated links with socialist countries and practised a policy of very close cooperation with them. Opposed to apartheid, its relations with South Africa and Rhodesia were disastrous, at the expense of its own economic interests.<br />Communal villages and State farms were created with varying results. Communalisation, better accepted in the south, suffered through the lack of a framework and of means (tractors, fertilisers, seed). Food-production and textile industries were encouraged, but the industrial sector remained dependent on imports. The deficit grew more serious with the rise in petrol prices in 1980. While the overall situation was deteriorating, the party could do nothing but note the poor results of its economic intervention policy. Anti-Marxist guerilla warfare began to spread while the repressive system of the party was strengthened.</p>', 'date' => '2009-09-30', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '83', 'titre' => 'Civil war', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The constitution of a Marxist Mozambique had caused concern to South Africa and Rhodesia. From 1972 onwards, these two countries, whose aim was to fight communism, had encouraged the creation of an anti-FRELIMO movement made up of Portuguese colonists, African soldiers and secret police. This movement took the name RENAMO (National Resistance of Mozambique) in 1981. Supported by South Africa, in 1982 it began a civil war from the south of the country against government forces in Mozambique.<br /><br />Sabotage operations increased and raids on villages were accompanied by massacres in a climate of systematic violence. In 1985, Zimbabwe deployed military forces into the centre of the country against RENAMO. The latter had adopted a political programme allowing people to choose their government, promising free elections and insisting on respect for traditional customs. It mustered those who were disappointed in the Marxist regime, the traditional former chiefs and numerous peasants recruited in the communal villages.<br />A terrible guerilla warfare was pursued right into 1992 claiming nearly a million victims without counting the child soldiers raised by RENAMO, who sometimes made up 2/3 of combat units. Meanwhile, the collapse of the Soviet system forced FRELIMO to change. Renouncing Marxism, in 1990 the party proclaimed the separation of State and party, recognized a multi-party system, proclaimed public liberties and re-established freedom of religion.<br />This change of course was to facilitate peace negotiations. RENAMO accepted a ceasefire in the Beira and Limpopo region. A Peace Agreement was signed in Rome in October 1992. It made provision for disarmament of combatants under the supervision of the United Nations, which took two years. Free elections took place in 1994, enabling the constitution of an assembly where FRELIMO gained 129 seats compared with RENAMO’s 112 and a new government was appointed at the end of 1994, an auspicious year for southern Africa as Mandela became president of an Africa liberated from apartheid.</p>', 'date' => '2009-09-30', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '84', 'titre' => 'Reconstruction', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The consequences of the war on the country’s society and economy were catastrophic. 1.5 million people of Mozambique had taken refuge in neighbouring countries, 4.5 million had been chased from their lands, families had been separated, there was a huge number of orphans, a sense of uprootedness and insecurity increased in the towns with the influx of “displaced people”. The country’s infrastructures had been seized or destroyed and the economy was in a shambles.<br /><br />The government first had to set the infrastructures to rights, re-launch the economy, then commit itself to a programme of development for the education and health systems. Activities were re-started with international aid (the country was described as being drip-fed) in the shape of a regional organisation uniting all the southern African states. This confirmed anew that Mozambique served as a passage between the interior and the ocean. The corridors that formed access routes to the sea became axes of development for the regions of Mozambique. This regional integration was confirmed in 1995 by the country’s membership of the Commonwealth, although it had never been part of the British Empire.<br /><br />But Mozambique, with 19 million inhabitants, remains one of the poorest countries in the world where life expectancy is 41 years. Curbs on development are many: a deficient education system, lack of infrastructure, corruption, a high prevalence of AIDS and the brain drain.<br />The economy essentially rests on agricultural export, while farmers do not satisfy their own nutritional needs. Large projects for exploitation of underground resources are attempting to give impetus to the mining industry once again. The country is counting on developing the tourism sector. The country, which can only rely on international aid, currently derives the best part from it, which supports continued annual growth.</p>', 'date' => '2009-09-30', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ) ) $rubrique_mere = array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '27', 'url' => 'introduction', 'titre' => 'History of Mozambique', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'Histoire_du_Mozambique_27.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 3', 'urldestination' => '31', 'niceurldestination' => 'introduction', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => '', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => '2', 'lft' => '301', 'rght' => '316', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'Formulaire' => array( 'id' => null, 'titre' => null, 'libelle' => null, 'texte' => null, 'email' => null, 'view_element' => null, 'controller' => null, 'message_confirmation_email' => null, 'message_confirmation' => null, 'sujet_mail' => null, 'message2_confirmation_email' => null, 'message2_confirmation' => null, 'sujet2_mail' => null ), 'ParentRubrique' => array( 'id' => '2', 'url' => 'accueil', 'titre' => 'Mozambique 2009', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'Mozambique_2.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 3', 'urldestination' => '78', 'niceurldestination' => 'accueil', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => 'Mozambique_fre_2.png', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => 'css=mozambique', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => '165', 'lft' => '290', 'rght' => '325' ), 'Typerubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'titre' => 'normal', 'commentaire' => '', 'ordre' => '10' ), 'Site' => array(), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '3284', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '27', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Histoire du Mozambique' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '3286', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '27', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'History of Mozambique' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '3285', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '27', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '3291', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '27', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => null ) ), 'Presentations' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '3292', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '27', 'field' => 'presentation', 'content' => null ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '3293', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '27', 'field' => 'presentation', 'content' => null ) ), 'Urls' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '3287', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '27', 'field' => 'url', 'content' => 'introduction' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '3288', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '27', 'field' => 'url', 'content' => 'introduction' ) ), 'Niceurldestinations' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '3289', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '27', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'introduction' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '3290', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '27', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'introduction' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ) $classebody = (int) 0 $typerubrique = 'normal' $leslangues = array( 'fr' => 'fra', 'en' => 'eng' )include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 8 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ?? Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 490 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118
Notice (8): Undefined index: http: [APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 11]Code Context$videos=$article['Video'];
$leslangues=Configure::read('Config.languages');
$lalangue=$leslangues[$this->params['lang']];
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While the overall situation was deteriorating, the party could do nothing but note the poor results of its economic intervention policy. Anti-Marxist guerilla warfare began to spread while the repressive system of the party was strengthened.</p>', 'date' => '2009-09-30', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ) ) $arborescence = array( (int) 163 => array( 'id' => '163', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 1', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array( (int) 67 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 111 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 6 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 164 => array( 'id' => '164', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 2', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array( (int) 7 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 8 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 65 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 165 => array( 'id' => '165', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 3', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array( (int) 217 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 212 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 3 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 2 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 157 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 166 => array( 'id' => '166', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 4', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array() ) ) $path_ids = array( (int) 0 => '165', (int) 1 => '2', (int) 2 => '27', (int) 3 => '53' ) $piedpage = array( (int) 0 => array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '9', 'lft' => '1', 'urldestination' => '9', 'locale' => 'eng', 'titre' => 'Contact', 'niceurldestination' => 'contact' ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'lft' => '3', 'urldestination' => '10', 'locale' => 'eng', 'titre' => 'Credits', 'niceurldestination' => 'credits' ) ) ) $rubrique = array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '53', 'url' => 'from_civil_war_to_underdevelopment', 'titre' => 'From civil war to underdevelopment', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 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'82', 'titre' => 'FRELIMO in power', 'surtitre' => 'Story of Mozambique', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Independence was proclaimed on 25 June 1975 and the constitution of the “People’s Republic of Mozambique” was adopted. 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From 1972 onwards, these two countries, whose aim was to fight communism, had encouraged the creation of an anti-FRELIMO movement made up of Portuguese colonists, African soldiers and secret police. This movement took the name RENAMO (National Resistance of Mozambique) in 1981. Supported by South Africa, in 1982 it began a civil war from the south of the country against government forces in Mozambique.<br /><br />Sabotage operations increased and raids on villages were accompanied by massacres in a climate of systematic violence. In 1985, Zimbabwe deployed military forces into the centre of the country against RENAMO. The latter had adopted a political programme allowing people to choose their government, promising free elections and insisting on respect for traditional customs. 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Free elections took place in 1994, enabling the constitution of an assembly where FRELIMO gained 129 seats compared with RENAMO’s 112 and a new government was appointed at the end of 1994, an auspicious year for southern Africa as Mandela became president of an Africa liberated from apartheid.</p>', 'date' => '2009-09-30', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '84', 'titre' => 'Reconstruction', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The consequences of the war on the country’s society and economy were catastrophic. 1.5 million people of Mozambique had taken refuge in neighbouring countries, 4.5 million had been chased from their lands, families had been separated, there was a huge number of orphans, a sense of uprootedness and insecurity increased in the towns with the influx of “displaced people”. 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Curbs on development are many: a deficient education system, lack of infrastructure, corruption, a high prevalence of AIDS and the brain drain.<br />The economy essentially rests on agricultural export, while farmers do not satisfy their own nutritional needs. Large projects for exploitation of underground resources are attempting to give impetus to the mining industry once again. The country is counting on developing the tourism sector. 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L’Etat, selon les principes marxistes-léninistes, nationalise les terres et les richesses, planifie l’économie. L’accent est mis sur le développement de l’enseignement, de la santé, sur l’émancipation féminine et sur la promotion de la culture nationale. Au niveau international, le Mozambique consolide ses liens avec les pays socialistes et pratique avec eux une politique de coopération très étroite. Hostile à l’apartheid, ses rapports avec l’Afrique du sud et la Rhodésie sont désastreux, aux dépens de ses propres intérêts économiques.<br />Des villages communaux et des fermes d’Etat sont créés avec des résultats variables. La communalisation mieux acceptée dans le sud, souffre d’un manque d’encadrement et de moyens (tracteurs, engrais, semences). Les industries agro-alimentaires et textiles sont encouragées, mais le secteur industriel reste dépendant des importations. Le déficit s’aggrave avec la hausse du prix du pétrole en 1980. 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Independence was proclaimed on 25 June 1975 and the constitution of the “People’s Republic of Mozambique” was adopted. The State, according to Marxist-Leninist principles, nationalised lands and wealth and charted the economy. The accent was on the development of teaching and health, women’s emancipation and the promotion of national culture. At an international level, Mozambique consolidated links with socialist countries and practised a policy of very close cooperation with them. Opposed to apartheid, its relations with South Africa and Rhodesia were disastrous, at the expense of its own economic interests.
Communal villages and State farms were created with varying results. Communalisation, better accepted in the south, suffered through the lack of a framework and of means (tractors, fertilisers, seed). Food-production and textile industries were encouraged, but the industrial sector remained dependent on imports. The deficit grew more serious with the rise in petrol prices in 1980. While the overall situation was deteriorating, the party could do nothing but note the poor results of its economic intervention policy. Anti-Marxist guerilla warfare began to spread while the repressive system of the party was strengthened.
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) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ) $contenus_traduits = array( (int) 0 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '82', 'titre' => 'FRELIMO in power', 'surtitre' => 'Story of Mozambique', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Independence was proclaimed on 25 June 1975 and the constitution of the “People’s Republic of Mozambique” was adopted. 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From 1972 onwards, these two countries, whose aim was to fight communism, had encouraged the creation of an anti-FRELIMO movement made up of Portuguese colonists, African soldiers and secret police. This movement took the name RENAMO (National Resistance of Mozambique) in 1981. Supported by South Africa, in 1982 it began a civil war from the south of the country against government forces in Mozambique.<br /><br />Sabotage operations increased and raids on villages were accompanied by massacres in a climate of systematic violence. In 1985, Zimbabwe deployed military forces into the centre of the country against RENAMO. The latter had adopted a political programme allowing people to choose their government, promising free elections and insisting on respect for traditional customs. It mustered those who were disappointed in the Marxist regime, the traditional former chiefs and numerous peasants recruited in the communal villages.<br />A terrible guerilla warfare was pursued right into 1992 claiming nearly a million victims without counting the child soldiers raised by RENAMO, who sometimes made up 2/3 of combat units. Meanwhile, the collapse of the Soviet system forced FRELIMO to change. Renouncing Marxism, in 1990 the party proclaimed the separation of State and party, recognized a multi-party system, proclaimed public liberties and re-established freedom of religion.<br />This change of course was to facilitate peace negotiations. RENAMO accepted a ceasefire in the Beira and Limpopo region. A Peace Agreement was signed in Rome in October 1992. It made provision for disarmament of combatants under the supervision of the United Nations, which took two years. Free elections took place in 1994, enabling the constitution of an assembly where FRELIMO gained 129 seats compared with RENAMO’s 112 and a new government was appointed at the end of 1994, an auspicious year for southern Africa as Mandela became president of an Africa liberated from apartheid.</p>', 'date' => '2009-09-30', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '84', 'titre' => 'Reconstruction', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The consequences of the war on the country’s society and economy were catastrophic. 1.5 million people of Mozambique had taken refuge in neighbouring countries, 4.5 million had been chased from their lands, families had been separated, there was a huge number of orphans, a sense of uprootedness and insecurity increased in the towns with the influx of “displaced people”. The country’s infrastructures had been seized or destroyed and the economy was in a shambles.<br /><br />The government first had to set the infrastructures to rights, re-launch the economy, then commit itself to a programme of development for the education and health systems. Activities were re-started with international aid (the country was described as being drip-fed) in the shape of a regional organisation uniting all the southern African states. This confirmed anew that Mozambique served as a passage between the interior and the ocean. The corridors that formed access routes to the sea became axes of development for the regions of Mozambique. This regional integration was confirmed in 1995 by the country’s membership of the Commonwealth, although it had never been part of the British Empire.<br /><br />But Mozambique, with 19 million inhabitants, remains one of the poorest countries in the world where life expectancy is 41 years. Curbs on development are many: a deficient education system, lack of infrastructure, corruption, a high prevalence of AIDS and the brain drain.<br />The economy essentially rests on agricultural export, while farmers do not satisfy their own nutritional needs. Large projects for exploitation of underground resources are attempting to give impetus to the mining industry once again. The country is counting on developing the tourism sector. 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'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The constitution of a Marxist Mozambique had caused concern to South Africa and Rhodesia. From 1972 onwards, these two countries, whose aim was to fight communism, had encouraged the creation of an anti-FRELIMO movement made up of Portuguese colonists, African soldiers and secret police. This movement took the name RENAMO (National Resistance of Mozambique) in 1981. Supported by South Africa, in 1982 it began a civil war from the south of the country against government forces in Mozambique.<br /><br />Sabotage operations increased and raids on villages were accompanied by massacres in a climate of systematic violence. In 1985, Zimbabwe deployed military forces into the centre of the country against RENAMO. The latter had adopted a political programme allowing people to choose their government, promising free elections and insisting on respect for traditional customs. 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Free elections took place in 1994, enabling the constitution of an assembly where FRELIMO gained 129 seats compared with RENAMO’s 112 and a new government was appointed at the end of 1994, an auspicious year for southern Africa as Mandela became president of an Africa liberated from apartheid.</p>', 'date' => '2009-09-30', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4354', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '83', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'La guerre civile' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4358', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '83', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Civil war' ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4355', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '83', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4359', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '83', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4356', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '83', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4360', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '83', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4361', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '83', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>La constitution d’un Mozambique marxiste avait inquiété l’Afrique du sud et la Rhodésie. Ces deux pays dont le but était de lutter contre le communisme encouragent dès 1972 la création d’un mouvement anti-FRELIMO composé de colons portugais, de soldats africains, d’agents de police secrète. Ce mouvement prend le nom de RENAMO (résistance nationale du Mozambique) en 1981. Soutenu par l’Afrique du sud, il engage en 1982 une guerre civile contre les forces gouvernementales au Mozambique à partir du sud du pays.</p> <p>Les opérations de sabotage se multiplient, des raids sur les villages s’accompagnent de massacres dans un climat de violence systématique. En 1985, Le Zimbabwe déploie des forces militaires dans le centre du pays contre la RENAMO. Celle-ci a adopté un programme politique qui permet au peuple de choisir son gouvernement, promet des élections libres et insiste sur le respect des coutumes traditionnelles. Elle rallie les déçus du régime marxiste, les anciens chefs coutumiers et de nombreux paysans embrigadés dans les villages communaux. <br />Une guérilla atroce se poursuit jusqu’en 1992 faisant près d’un million de victimes sans compter les enfants-soldats enlevés par la RENAMO, qui constituent parfois les 2/3 des unités de combat. Entretemps, l’effondrement du système soviétique fait évoluer le FRELIMO. Renonçant au marxisme, le parti proclame en 1990 la séparation de l’Etat et du parti, reconnaît le multipartisme, proclame les libertés publiques et rétablit la liberté religieuse.<br />Ce changement de cap va faciliter les négociations de paix. La RENAMO accepte un cessez-le-feu dans la région de Beira et du Limpopo. Un accord de Paix est signé à Rome en octobre 1992. Il prévoit le désarmement des combattants sous le contrôle des Nations-Unies, ce qui prend deux ans. Des élections libres ont lieu en 1994, elles permettent de constituer une assemblée où le FRELIMO obtient 129 sièges contre 112 à la RENAMO, un nouveau gouvernement est nommé fin 1994, année faste pour l’Afrique australe puisque Mandela accède à la présidence d’une Afrique libérée de l’apartheid.</p>' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4362', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '83', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>The constitution of a Marxist Mozambique had caused concern to South Africa and Rhodesia. From 1972 onwards, these two countries, whose aim was to fight communism, had encouraged the creation of an anti-FRELIMO movement made up of Portuguese colonists, African soldiers and secret police. This movement took the name RENAMO (National Resistance of Mozambique) in 1981. 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The constitution of a Marxist Mozambique had caused concern to South Africa and Rhodesia. From 1972 onwards, these two countries, whose aim was to fight communism, had encouraged the creation of an anti-FRELIMO movement made up of Portuguese colonists, African soldiers and secret police. This movement took the name RENAMO (National Resistance of Mozambique) in 1981. Supported by South Africa, in 1982 it began a civil war from the south of the country against government forces in Mozambique.
Sabotage operations increased and raids on villages were accompanied by massacres in a climate of systematic violence. In 1985, Zimbabwe deployed military forces into the centre of the country against RENAMO. The latter had adopted a political programme allowing people to choose their government, promising free elections and insisting on respect for traditional customs. It mustered those who were disappointed in the Marxist regime, the traditional former chiefs and numerous peasants recruited in the communal villages.
A terrible guerilla warfare was pursued right into 1992 claiming nearly a million victims without counting the child soldiers raised by RENAMO, who sometimes made up 2/3 of combat units. Meanwhile, the collapse of the Soviet system forced FRELIMO to change. Renouncing Marxism, in 1990 the party proclaimed the separation of State and party, recognized a multi-party system, proclaimed public liberties and re-established freedom of religion.
This change of course was to facilitate peace negotiations. RENAMO accepted a ceasefire in the Beira and Limpopo region. A Peace Agreement was signed in Rome in October 1992. It made provision for disarmament of combatants under the supervision of the United Nations, which took two years. Free elections took place in 1994, enabling the constitution of an assembly where FRELIMO gained 129 seats compared with RENAMO’s 112 and a new government was appointed at the end of 1994, an auspicious year for southern Africa as Mandela became president of an Africa liberated from apartheid.
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'82', 'titre' => 'FRELIMO in power', 'surtitre' => 'Story of Mozambique', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Independence was proclaimed on 25 June 1975 and the constitution of the “People’s Republic of Mozambique” was adopted. 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From 1972 onwards, these two countries, whose aim was to fight communism, had encouraged the creation of an anti-FRELIMO movement made up of Portuguese colonists, African soldiers and secret police. This movement took the name RENAMO (National Resistance of Mozambique) in 1981. Supported by South Africa, in 1982 it began a civil war from the south of the country against government forces in Mozambique.<br /><br />Sabotage operations increased and raids on villages were accompanied by massacres in a climate of systematic violence. In 1985, Zimbabwe deployed military forces into the centre of the country against RENAMO. The latter had adopted a political programme allowing people to choose their government, promising free elections and insisting on respect for traditional customs. It mustered those who were disappointed in the Marxist regime, the traditional former chiefs and numerous peasants recruited in the communal villages.<br />A terrible guerilla warfare was pursued right into 1992 claiming nearly a million victims without counting the child soldiers raised by RENAMO, who sometimes made up 2/3 of combat units. Meanwhile, the collapse of the Soviet system forced FRELIMO to change. Renouncing Marxism, in 1990 the party proclaimed the separation of State and party, recognized a multi-party system, proclaimed public liberties and re-established freedom of religion.<br />This change of course was to facilitate peace negotiations. RENAMO accepted a ceasefire in the Beira and Limpopo region. A Peace Agreement was signed in Rome in October 1992. It made provision for disarmament of combatants under the supervision of the United Nations, which took two years. Free elections took place in 1994, enabling the constitution of an assembly where FRELIMO gained 129 seats compared with RENAMO’s 112 and a new government was appointed at the end of 1994, an auspicious year for southern Africa as Mandela became president of an Africa liberated from apartheid.</p>', 'date' => '2009-09-30', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '84', 'titre' => 'Reconstruction', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The consequences of the war on the country’s society and economy were catastrophic. 1.5 million people of Mozambique had taken refuge in neighbouring countries, 4.5 million had been chased from their lands, families had been separated, there was a huge number of orphans, a sense of uprootedness and insecurity increased in the towns with the influx of “displaced people”. 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Curbs on development are many: a deficient education system, lack of infrastructure, corruption, a high prevalence of AIDS and the brain drain.<br />The economy essentially rests on agricultural export, while farmers do not satisfy their own nutritional needs. Large projects for exploitation of underground resources are attempting to give impetus to the mining industry once again. The country is counting on developing the tourism sector. 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'', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The consequences of the war on the country’s society and economy were catastrophic. 1.5 million people of Mozambique had taken refuge in neighbouring countries, 4.5 million had been chased from their lands, families had been separated, there was a huge number of orphans, a sense of uprootedness and insecurity increased in the towns with the influx of “displaced people”. The country’s infrastructures had been seized or destroyed and the economy was in a shambles.<br /><br />The government first had to set the infrastructures to rights, re-launch the economy, then commit itself to a programme of development for the education and health systems. Activities were re-started with international aid (the country was described as being drip-fed) in the shape of a regional organisation uniting all the southern African states. This confirmed anew that Mozambique served as a passage between the interior and the ocean. The corridors that formed access routes to the sea became axes of development for the regions of Mozambique. This regional integration was confirmed in 1995 by the country’s membership of the Commonwealth, although it had never been part of the British Empire.<br /><br />But Mozambique, with 19 million inhabitants, remains one of the poorest countries in the world where life expectancy is 41 years. Curbs on development are many: a deficient education system, lack of infrastructure, corruption, a high prevalence of AIDS and the brain drain.<br />The economy essentially rests on agricultural export, while farmers do not satisfy their own nutritional needs. Large projects for exploitation of underground resources are attempting to give impetus to the mining industry once again. The country is counting on developing the tourism sector. The country, which can only rely on international aid, currently derives the best part from it, which supports continued annual growth.</p>', 'date' => '2009-09-30', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4364', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '84', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'La reconstruction' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4368', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '84', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Reconstruction' ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4365', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '84', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4369', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '84', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4366', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '84', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4370', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '84', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4371', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '84', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>Les conséquences de la guerre sur la société et l’économie du pays sont catastrophiques. 1,5 million de Mozambicains se sont réfugiés dans les pays voisins, 4,5 millions ont été chassés de leur terres, les familles sont séparées, les orphelins sont légion, le déracinement et l’insécurité progressent dans les villes avec l’afflux des « deslocados ». Les infrastructures du pays sont grippées ou détruites, l’économie est bouleversée.</p> <p>Le gouvernement doit d’abord remettre en état les infrastructures, relancer l’économie, puis s’engager dans un programme de développement concernant le système d’éducation et de santé. Le redémarrage des activités se fait avec l’aide internationale (on a parlé d’un pays sous perfusion) dans le cadre d’une organisation régionale rassemblant tous les Etats d’Afrique australe. Ce qui confirme à nouveau la vocation du Mozambique : celle d’une voie de passage entre l’intérieur et l’océan. Les corridors qui sont des voies d’accès à la mer deviennent des axes de développement pour les régions mozambicaines. Cette intégration régionale est confirmée en 1995 par l’adhésion du pays au Commonwealth, bien qu’il n’ait jamais fait partie de l’empire britannique.</p> <p>Mais le Mozambique, avec 19 millions d’habitants, reste un des pays les plus pauvres du monde où l’espérance de vie est de 41 ans. Les freins au développement sont nombreux : système de formation déficient, manque d’infrastructures, corruption, forte prévalence du sida, fuite des cerveaux.<br />L’économie repose essentiellement sur une agriculture exportatrice alors que les agriculteurs ne satisfont pas leurs besoins alimentaires. De grands projets d’exploitation du sous-sol tentent de redonner une impulsion à l’industrie minière. Le pays compte développer le secteur du tourisme. Le pays, qui ne peut compter que sur l’aide internationale, en tire actuellement le meilleur parti, ce qui soutient une croissance annuelle continue.</p>' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4372', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '84', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>The consequences of the war on the country’s society and economy were catastrophic. 1.5 million people of Mozambique had taken refuge in neighbouring countries, 4.5 million had been chased from their lands, families had been separated, there was a huge number of orphans, a sense of uprootedness and insecurity increased in the towns with the influx of “displaced people”. The country’s infrastructures had been seized or destroyed and the economy was in a shambles.<br /><br />The government first had to set the infrastructures to rights, re-launch the economy, then commit itself to a programme of development for the education and health systems. Activities were re-started with international aid (the country was described as being drip-fed) in the shape of a regional organisation uniting all the southern African states. This confirmed anew that Mozambique served as a passage between the interior and the ocean. The corridors that formed access routes to the sea became axes of development for the regions of Mozambique. This regional integration was confirmed in 1995 by the country’s membership of the Commonwealth, although it had never been part of the British Empire.<br /><br />But Mozambique, with 19 million inhabitants, remains one of the poorest countries in the world where life expectancy is 41 years. Curbs on development are many: a deficient education system, lack of infrastructure, corruption, a high prevalence of AIDS and the brain drain.<br />The economy essentially rests on agricultural export, while farmers do not satisfy their own nutritional needs. Large projects for exploitation of underground resources are attempting to give impetus to the mining industry once again. The country is counting on developing the tourism sector. The country, which can only rely on international aid, currently derives the best part from it, which supports continued annual growth.</p>' ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4367', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '84', 'field' => 'libelle_zip', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4373', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '84', 'field' => 'libelle_zip', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '1', 'codelang' => 'fre' ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ) $item = array( 'id' => '84', 'titre' => 'Reconstruction', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The consequences of the war on the country’s society and economy were catastrophic. 1.5 million people of Mozambique had taken refuge in neighbouring countries, 4.5 million had been chased from their lands, families had been separated, there was a huge number of orphans, a sense of uprootedness and insecurity increased in the towns with the influx of “displaced people”. The country’s infrastructures had been seized or destroyed and the economy was in a shambles.<br /><br />The government first had to set the infrastructures to rights, re-launch the economy, then commit itself to a programme of development for the education and health systems. Activities were re-started with international aid (the country was described as being drip-fed) in the shape of a regional organisation uniting all the southern African states. This confirmed anew that Mozambique served as a passage between the interior and the ocean. The corridors that formed access routes to the sea became axes of development for the regions of Mozambique. This regional integration was confirmed in 1995 by the country’s membership of the Commonwealth, although it had never been part of the British Empire.<br /><br />But Mozambique, with 19 million inhabitants, remains one of the poorest countries in the world where life expectancy is 41 years. Curbs on development are many: a deficient education system, lack of infrastructure, corruption, a high prevalence of AIDS and the brain drain.<br />The economy essentially rests on agricultural export, while farmers do not satisfy their own nutritional needs. Large projects for exploitation of underground resources are attempting to give impetus to the mining industry once again. The country is counting on developing the tourism sector. The country, which can only rely on international aid, currently derives the best part from it, which supports continued annual growth.</p>', 'date' => '2009-09-30', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) $vignettes = array() $pdfs = array() $d_vignettes = array() $sons = array() $videos = array() $leslangues = array( 'fr' => 'fra', 'en' => 'eng' )include - APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 11 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1217 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 69 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ?? Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 490 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118
The consequences of the war on the country’s society and economy were catastrophic. 1.5 million people of Mozambique had taken refuge in neighbouring countries, 4.5 million had been chased from their lands, families had been separated, there was a huge number of orphans, a sense of uprootedness and insecurity increased in the towns with the influx of “displaced people”. The country’s infrastructures had been seized or destroyed and the economy was in a shambles.
The government first had to set the infrastructures to rights, re-launch the economy, then commit itself to a programme of development for the education and health systems. Activities were re-started with international aid (the country was described as being drip-fed) in the shape of a regional organisation uniting all the southern African states. This confirmed anew that Mozambique served as a passage between the interior and the ocean. The corridors that formed access routes to the sea became axes of development for the regions of Mozambique. This regional integration was confirmed in 1995 by the country’s membership of the Commonwealth, although it had never been part of the British Empire.
But Mozambique, with 19 million inhabitants, remains one of the poorest countries in the world where life expectancy is 41 years. Curbs on development are many: a deficient education system, lack of infrastructure, corruption, a high prevalence of AIDS and the brain drain.
The economy essentially rests on agricultural export, while farmers do not satisfy their own nutritional needs. Large projects for exploitation of underground resources are attempting to give impetus to the mining industry once again. The country is counting on developing the tourism sector. The country, which can only rely on international aid, currently derives the best part from it, which supports continued annual growth.