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Its beginning was the question of a researcher, Norman Myers: “In which area of the world does a dollar spent have the biggest effect on slowing down current extinction?” In an attempt to answer this question, he made a synthesis of the existing literature which led to the formulation in 1988 of his theory of hotspots, “the most important contribution to the biology of conservation of the last century” according to Edward O. Wilson, one of the fathers of the concept of ((biodiversity))__:diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. On the basis of these works, the NGO Conservation International, founded in 1987, defined a number of hotspots. Today there are 34 hotspots which are the object of a widely shared consensus. Among these, the destinations of “La Planète Revisitée” have been chosen. </p> <p>For a region to be considered as a hotspot of diversity, two conditions have to be fulfilled:<br />- the region has to accommodate at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (any plants, except for algae, mosses and lichen), i.e. more than 0.5% of the total number of species of ((vascular plants)) __: Vegetal characterised by the presence of roots, a stem, leaves and special tissues forming vessels which allow for the circulation of the sap. The name vascular plant thus refers to plants with flowers and seeds as well as to ferns.___ which are currently known. These plants have been chosen as references since these are the most comprehensively recorded ones amongst living species.<br />- the region has to have lost more than 70% of its species since the period of time when people started to modify landscapes, i.e. about 8,000 years ago.<br />However, despite these common criteria, the level of threat weighing on each hotspot may vary considerably. For example, the southern forests of Chile, the least degraded hotspots, still preserve 30% of their initial coverage while no more than 10% of the original surfaces of the ecosystems of the 11 most threatened hotspots are left. <br />It is these 11 regions where a record number of species of plants and endemic animals whose extinction is imminent and on which the expeditions of “La Planète Revisitée” will focus concentrates.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '146', 'titre' => 'Cartographier la biodiversité : les hotspots 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>There, the researchers will establish detailed inventories of the limited geographical areas while concentrating on the small species which are naturally rare and habitually neglected by the organisms of protection and conservation. In fact, although the “Rapid Assessments*” which are used for rapidly mapping hotspots of the planet have proven their effectiveness, the majority of them is based on the “big charismatic fauna” and vascular plants. This approach leaves numerous species which are less “visible” (fungi, insects etc.) aside although this small nation of biodiversity play a fundamental role within the frame of ecosystems.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '101', 'titre' => 'Hotspots, one vision among others', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Although the scientific community globally and enthusiastically appreciates hotspots, these still raise a number of questions. First of all, the lack of reliable data regarding the distribution of species over the planet constitutes an important bias within the evaluation of the zones to be protected. Certainly, the hotspots concentrate 42% of the endemic species of vertebrates and 50% of the endemic vascular plants on 16% of the emerged surfaces but the major part of biodiversity consists of the smaller species which are hardly known. Moreover, the criteria for the selection of hotspots which are very arbitrary are also being discussed: the variations of the vegetal biodiversity cannot be systematically superposed to the variations of the biodiversity of other species. This finding prompted Birdlife International to define “endemic bird areas” which decisively differ from hotspots. In fact, the hotspots are mainly located in tropical forest areas which excludes ecosystems such as swamps which are however important for the biogeochemical cycles. In order to include these “cold spots” in the agendas of conservation, the WWF thus decided to define “ecoregions” on the basis of the criteria of endemism, specific richness and taxonomic rarity on the one hand and of the presence of original ecological and evolution processes on the other hand.<br />All these points of view which are at a time complementary and divergent are the expression of one single reality: we are terribly lacking knowledge on our environment and only the synergy of all the actors of conservation will allow for a bridging of these gaps.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '0', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => null, 'group_id' => null, 'nom' => null, 'prenom' => null, 'username' => null, 'bloque' => null ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '108', 'titre' => 'Marine environment: a particular problem', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>If the notion of geographic areas has a sense when one considers terrestrial ecosystems, things get complicated as soon as the interest is directed at the marine environment. In fact, the spatial distribution of species is very different, there, and there is actually no notion of endemism as per country or micro-region. Instead, what can be found in the oceans are zones which accommodate a large biodiversity such as South-East Asia and the Coral Triangle as well as the peripheral zones which are mainly less rich in species (even though the latter may sometimes accommodate specimen which are important due to their originality although they are less populated). In other words: if it is possible for terrestrial ecosystems to identify those zones which should be preserved with priority by crossing the criteria “numerous endemic species” + “considerable destruction of habitats”, this framework does not apply to the oceans. However, these cover more than 70% of the planet and accommodate 32 of the known 33 phylums 15 of which are exclusively marine! In the oceans more than in the geographical regions, it is mainly the condition of the various big types of habitats (coral reefs, mangroves...) which will help to measure the vulnerability of marine species.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ) ) $rubrique_mere = array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '1', 'url' => 'home', 'titre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_1.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '77', 'niceurldestination' => 'home', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_fre_1.png', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => 'css=planete', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => '163', 'lft' => '8', 'rght' => '23', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'Formulaire' => array( 'id' => null, 'titre' => null, 'libelle' => null, 'texte' => null, 'email' => null, 'view_element' => null, 'controller' => null, 'message_confirmation_email' => null, 'message_confirmation' => null, 'sujet_mail' => null, 'message2_confirmation_email' => null, 'message2_confirmation' => null, 'sujet2_mail' => null ), 'ParentRubrique' => array( 'id' => '163', 'url' => 'groupe_1', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 1', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => '', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '163', 'niceurldestination' => 'groupe_1', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => '', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => null, 'lft' => '5', 'rght' => '28' ), 'Typerubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'titre' => 'normal', 'commentaire' => '', 'ordre' => '10' ), 'Site' => array(), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2182', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'La Planète Revisitée' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2184', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Our Planet Reviewed' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2183', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2185', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Presentations' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2186', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'presentation', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2187', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'presentation', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Urls' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2188', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'url', 'content' => 'accueil' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2189', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'url', 'content' => 'home' ) ), 'Niceurldestinations' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2190', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'accueil' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2191', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'home' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ) $classebody = (int) 0 $typerubrique = 'normal' $leslangues = array( 'fr' => 'fra', 'en' => 'eng' )include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 8 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ?? Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 490 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118
Notice (8): Undefined index: http: [APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 11]Code Context$videos=$article['Video'];
$leslangues=Configure::read('Config.languages');
$lalangue=$leslangues[$this->params['lang']];
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'titre' => 'Destinations', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'Destinations_60.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '60', 'niceurldestination' => 'destinations', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => '', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'formulaire_id' => '0', 'parent_id' => '1', 'lft' => '15', 'rght' => '16', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'Formulaire' => array( 'id' => null, 'titre' => null, 'libelle' => null, 'texte' => null, 'email' => null, 'view_element' => null, 'controller' => null, 'message_confirmation_email' => null, 'message_confirmation' => null, 'sujet_mail' => null, 'message2_confirmation_email' => null, 'message2_confirmation' => null, 'sujet2_mail' => null ), 'ParentRubrique' => array( 'id' => '1', 'url' => 'accueil', 'titre' => 'La Planète Revisitée', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_1.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '77', 'niceurldestination' => 'accueil', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_fre_1.png', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => 'css=planete', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => '163', 'lft' => '8', 'rght' => '23' ), 'Typerubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'titre' => 'normal', 'commentaire' => '', 'ordre' => '10' ), 'Site' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 2 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 3 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Presentations' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Urls' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Niceurldestinations' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ), 'contenus_traduits' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'Article' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'User' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Titres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Surtitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Soustitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Textes' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Libellezips' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Commentaire' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Droitevignette' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Langue' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Lien' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Pdf' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Son' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Video' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Vignette' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'User' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Titres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Surtitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Soustitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Textes' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Libellezips' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Commentaire' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Droitevignette' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Langue' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Lien' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Pdf' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Son' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Video' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Vignette' => array([maximum depth reached]) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'User' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Titres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Surtitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Soustitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Textes' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Libellezips' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Commentaire' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Droitevignette' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Langue' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Lien' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Pdf' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Son' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Video' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Vignette' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'User' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Titres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Surtitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Soustitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Textes' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Libellezips' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Commentaire' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Droitevignette' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Langue' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Lien' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Pdf' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Son' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Video' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Vignette' => array([maximum depth reached]) ) ), 'rubrique_mere' => array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '1', 'url' => 'home', 'titre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_1.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '77', 'niceurldestination' => 'home', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_fre_1.png', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => 'css=planete', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => '163', 'lft' => '8', 'rght' => '23', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'Formulaire' => array( 'id' => null, 'titre' => null, 'libelle' => null, 'texte' => null, 'email' => null, 'view_element' => null, 'controller' => null, 'message_confirmation_email' => null, 'message_confirmation' => null, 'sujet_mail' => null, 'message2_confirmation_email' => null, 'message2_confirmation' => null, 'sujet2_mail' => null ), 'ParentRubrique' => array( 'id' => '163', 'url' => 'groupe_1', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 1', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => '', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '163', 'niceurldestination' => 'groupe_1', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => '', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => null, 'lft' => '5', 'rght' => '28' ), 'Typerubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'titre' => 'normal', 'commentaire' => '', 'ordre' => '10' ), 'Site' => array(), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Presentations' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Urls' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Niceurldestinations' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ), 'classebody' => (int) 0, 'article' => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '100', 'titre' => 'Mapping biodiversity: the hotspots ', 'surtitre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>At the end of the 1980ies, a revolution took place in the area of the biology of conservation. Its beginning was the question of a researcher, Norman Myers: “In which area of the world does a dollar spent have the biggest effect on slowing down current extinction?” In an attempt to answer this question, he made a synthesis of the existing literature which led to the formulation in 1988 of his theory of hotspots, “the most important contribution to the biology of conservation of the last century” according to Edward O. Wilson, one of the fathers of the concept of ((biodiversity))__:diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. On the basis of these works, the NGO Conservation International, founded in 1987, defined a number of hotspots. Today there are 34 hotspots which are the object of a widely shared consensus. Among these, the destinations of “La Planète Revisitée” have been chosen. </p> <p>For a region to be considered as a hotspot of diversity, two conditions have to be fulfilled:<br />- the region has to accommodate at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (any plants, except for algae, mosses and lichen), i.e. more than 0.5% of the total number of species of ((vascular plants)) __: Vegetal characterised by the presence of roots, a stem, leaves and special tissues forming vessels which allow for the circulation of the sap. The name vascular plant thus refers to plants with flowers and seeds as well as to ferns.___ which are currently known. These plants have been chosen as references since these are the most comprehensively recorded ones amongst living species.<br />- the region has to have lost more than 70% of its species since the period of time when people started to modify landscapes, i.e. about 8,000 years ago.<br />However, despite these common criteria, the level of threat weighing on each hotspot may vary considerably. For example, the southern forests of Chile, the least degraded hotspots, still preserve 30% of their initial coverage while no more than 10% of the original surfaces of the ecosystems of the 11 most threatened hotspots are left. <br />It is these 11 regions where a record number of species of plants and endemic animals whose extinction is imminent and on which the expeditions of “La Planète Revisitée” will focus concentrates.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ) ) $arborescence = array( (int) 163 => array( 'id' => '163', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 1', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array( (int) 67 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 111 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 6 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 164 => array( 'id' => '164', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 2', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array( (int) 7 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 8 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 65 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 165 => array( 'id' => '165', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 3', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array( (int) 217 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 212 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 3 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 2 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 157 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 166 => array( 'id' => '166', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 4', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array() ) ) $path_ids = array( (int) 0 => '163', (int) 1 => '1', (int) 2 => '60' ) $piedpage = array( (int) 0 => array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '9', 'lft' => '1', 'urldestination' => '9', 'locale' => 'eng', 'titre' => 'Contact', 'niceurldestination' => 'contact' ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 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'destinations' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ) $contenus_traduits = array( (int) 0 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '100', 'titre' => 'Mapping biodiversity: the hotspots ', 'surtitre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>At the end of the 1980ies, a revolution took place in the area of the biology of conservation. Its beginning was the question of a researcher, Norman Myers: “In which area of the world does a dollar spent have the biggest effect on slowing down current extinction?” In an attempt to answer this question, he made a synthesis of the existing literature which led to the formulation in 1988 of his theory of hotspots, “the most important contribution to the biology of conservation of the last century” according to Edward O. Wilson, one of the fathers of the concept of ((biodiversity))__:diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. On the basis of these works, the NGO Conservation International, founded in 1987, defined a number of hotspots. Today there are 34 hotspots which are the object of a widely shared consensus. Among these, the destinations of “La Planète Revisitée” have been chosen. </p> <p>For a region to be considered as a hotspot of diversity, two conditions have to be fulfilled:<br />- the region has to accommodate at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (any plants, except for algae, mosses and lichen), i.e. more than 0.5% of the total number of species of ((vascular plants)) __: Vegetal characterised by the presence of roots, a stem, leaves and special tissues forming vessels which allow for the circulation of the sap. The name vascular plant thus refers to plants with flowers and seeds as well as to ferns.___ which are currently known. These plants have been chosen as references since these are the most comprehensively recorded ones amongst living species.<br />- the region has to have lost more than 70% of its species since the period of time when people started to modify landscapes, i.e. about 8,000 years ago.<br />However, despite these common criteria, the level of threat weighing on each hotspot may vary considerably. For example, the southern forests of Chile, the least degraded hotspots, still preserve 30% of their initial coverage while no more than 10% of the original surfaces of the ecosystems of the 11 most threatened hotspots are left. <br />It is these 11 regions where a record number of species of plants and endemic animals whose extinction is imminent and on which the expeditions of “La Planète Revisitée” will focus concentrates.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '146', 'titre' => 'Cartographier la biodiversité : les hotspots 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>There, the researchers will establish detailed inventories of the limited geographical areas while concentrating on the small species which are naturally rare and habitually neglected by the organisms of protection and conservation. In fact, although the “Rapid Assessments*” which are used for rapidly mapping hotspots of the planet have proven their effectiveness, the majority of them is based on the “big charismatic fauna” and vascular plants. This approach leaves numerous species which are less “visible” (fungi, insects etc.) aside although this small nation of biodiversity play a fundamental role within the frame of ecosystems.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '101', 'titre' => 'Hotspots, one vision among others', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Although the scientific community globally and enthusiastically appreciates hotspots, these still raise a number of questions. First of all, the lack of reliable data regarding the distribution of species over the planet constitutes an important bias within the evaluation of the zones to be protected. Certainly, the hotspots concentrate 42% of the endemic species of vertebrates and 50% of the endemic vascular plants on 16% of the emerged surfaces but the major part of biodiversity consists of the smaller species which are hardly known. Moreover, the criteria for the selection of hotspots which are very arbitrary are also being discussed: the variations of the vegetal biodiversity cannot be systematically superposed to the variations of the biodiversity of other species. This finding prompted Birdlife International to define “endemic bird areas” which decisively differ from hotspots. In fact, the hotspots are mainly located in tropical forest areas which excludes ecosystems such as swamps which are however important for the biogeochemical cycles. In order to include these “cold spots” in the agendas of conservation, the WWF thus decided to define “ecoregions” on the basis of the criteria of endemism, specific richness and taxonomic rarity on the one hand and of the presence of original ecological and evolution processes on the other hand.<br />All these points of view which are at a time complementary and divergent are the expression of one single reality: we are terribly lacking knowledge on our environment and only the synergy of all the actors of conservation will allow for a bridging of these gaps.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '0', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => null, 'group_id' => null, 'nom' => null, 'prenom' => null, 'username' => null, 'bloque' => null ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '108', 'titre' => 'Marine environment: a particular problem', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>If the notion of geographic areas has a sense when one considers terrestrial ecosystems, things get complicated as soon as the interest is directed at the marine environment. In fact, the spatial distribution of species is very different, there, and there is actually no notion of endemism as per country or micro-region. Instead, what can be found in the oceans are zones which accommodate a large biodiversity such as South-East Asia and the Coral Triangle as well as the peripheral zones which are mainly less rich in species (even though the latter may sometimes accommodate specimen which are important due to their originality although they are less populated). In other words: if it is possible for terrestrial ecosystems to identify those zones which should be preserved with priority by crossing the criteria “numerous endemic species” + “considerable destruction of habitats”, this framework does not apply to the oceans. However, these cover more than 70% of the planet and accommodate 32 of the known 33 phylums 15 of which are exclusively marine! In the oceans more than in the geographical regions, it is mainly the condition of the various big types of habitats (coral reefs, mangroves...) which will help to measure the vulnerability of marine species.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 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'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>At the end of the 1980ies, a revolution took place in the area of the biology of conservation. Its beginning was the question of a researcher, Norman Myers: “In which area of the world does a dollar spent have the biggest effect on slowing down current extinction?” In an attempt to answer this question, he made a synthesis of the existing literature which led to the formulation in 1988 of his theory of hotspots, “the most important contribution to the biology of conservation of the last century” according to Edward O. Wilson, one of the fathers of the concept of ((biodiversity))__:diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. On the basis of these works, the NGO Conservation International, founded in 1987, defined a number of hotspots. Today there are 34 hotspots which are the object of a widely shared consensus. Among these, the destinations of “La Planète Revisitée” have been chosen. </p> <p>For a region to be considered as a hotspot of diversity, two conditions have to be fulfilled:<br />- the region has to accommodate at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (any plants, except for algae, mosses and lichen), i.e. more than 0.5% of the total number of species of ((vascular plants)) __: Vegetal characterised by the presence of roots, a stem, leaves and special tissues forming vessels which allow for the circulation of the sap. The name vascular plant thus refers to plants with flowers and seeds as well as to ferns.___ which are currently known. These plants have been chosen as references since these are the most comprehensively recorded ones amongst living species.<br />- the region has to have lost more than 70% of its species since the period of time when people started to modify landscapes, i.e. about 8,000 years ago.<br />However, despite these common criteria, the level of threat weighing on each hotspot may vary considerably. For example, the southern forests of Chile, the least degraded hotspots, still preserve 30% of their initial coverage while no more than 10% of the original surfaces of the ecosystems of the 11 most threatened hotspots are left. <br />It is these 11 regions where a record number of species of plants and endemic animals whose extinction is imminent and on which the expeditions of “La Planète Revisitée” will focus concentrates.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4651', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '100', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Cartographier la biodiversité : les hotspots ' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4655', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '100', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Mapping biodiversity: the hotspots ' ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4652', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '100', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => 'La Planète Revisitée' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4656', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '100', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => 'Our Planet Reviewed' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4653', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '100', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4657', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '100', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4658', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '100', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>À la fin des années 80, une révolution s'est produite dans le domaine de la biologie de conservation. À son origine, la question d'un chercheur, Norman Myers : « Dans quel endroit du monde un dollar dépensé a-t-il le plus d'effet pour ralentir l'extinction actuelle ? ». Afin d'y répondre, il fait alors une synthèse de la littérature existante, qui aboutira en 1988 à la formulation de sa théorie des hotspots, la contribution la plus importante à la biologie de la conservation du siècle dernier selon Edward O. Wilson,de l'université de Harvard et éminent spécialiste de la ((biodiversité))__ contraction du syntagme « diversité biologique » proposé en 1985 par le biologiste américain Edward O. Wilson, professeur à l’université de Harvard. La définition actuelle est la variabilité du vivant à différents niveaux d’organisation (gène, espèce, écosystème).___. Partant de ces travaux, la jeune ONG Conservation International, créée en 1987, définira un certain nombre de hotspots au niveau mondial, pour mieux concentrer les efforts de conservation en argent et en temps. Aujourd'hui, 34 hotspots sont reconnus. C'est parmi eux qu'ont été choisies les destinations de « La Planète Revisitée ».</p> <p>Deux conditions doivent être requises pour qu'une région soit considérée comme un hotspot de biodiversité :</p> <p>- elle doit abriter au moins 1 500 espèces de ((plantes vasculaires))__Végétal caractérisé par la présence de racines, d'une tige, de feuilles, et de tissus spécialisés constituant des vaisseaux conducteurs permettant la circulation de la sève. Désigne donc les plantes à fleurs et à graines, ainsi que les fougères.___ ((endémiques))__Une espèce est dite endémique d'une région géographique déterminée si elle n'existe que dans cette région.___ (toutes les plantes terrestres à l'exception des algues, des mousses et des lichens présentent uniquement dans le hotspot en question), soit plus de 0,5% du nombre total d'espèces de plantes vasculaires actuellement connues. Les plantes ont été choisies comme références car elles sont parmi les espèces actuelles les mieux répertoriées et sont un excellent indicateur de l'état de conservation de l'habitat ;</p> <p>- elle doit avoir perdu plus de 70% des espèces depuis l'époque où l'homme a commencé à modifier les paysages, voici environ 8000 ans.</p>' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4659', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '100', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p>At the end of the 1980ies, a revolution took place in the area of the biology of conservation. Its beginning was the question of a researcher, Norman Myers: “In which area of the world does a dollar spent have the biggest effect on slowing down current extinction?” In an attempt to answer this question, he made a synthesis of the existing literature which led to the formulation in 1988 of his theory of hotspots, “the most important contribution to the biology of conservation of the last century” according to Edward O. Wilson, one of the fathers of the concept of ((biodiversity))__:diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. On the basis of these works, the NGO Conservation International, founded in 1987, defined a number of hotspots. Today there are 34 hotspots which are the object of a widely shared consensus. Among these, the destinations of “La Planète Revisitée” have been chosen. </p> <p>For a region to be considered as a hotspot of diversity, two conditions have to be fulfilled:<br />- the region has to accommodate at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (any plants, except for algae, mosses and lichen), i.e. more than 0.5% of the total number of species of ((vascular plants)) __: Vegetal characterised by the presence of roots, a stem, leaves and special tissues forming vessels which allow for the circulation of the sap. The name vascular plant thus refers to plants with flowers and seeds as well as to ferns.___ which are currently known. These plants have been chosen as references since these are the most comprehensively recorded ones amongst living species.<br />- the region has to have lost more than 70% of its species since the period of time when people started to modify landscapes, i.e. about 8,000 years ago.<br />However, despite these common criteria, the level of threat weighing on each hotspot may vary considerably. For example, the southern forests of Chile, the least degraded hotspots, still preserve 30% of their initial coverage while no more than 10% of the original surfaces of the ecosystems of the 11 most threatened hotspots are left. <br />It is these 11 regions where a record number of species of plants and endemic animals whose extinction is imminent and on which the expeditions of “La Planète Revisitée” will focus concentrates.</p>' ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4654', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '100', 'field' => 'libelle_zip', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4660', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '100', 'field' => 'libelle_zip', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '1', 'codelang' => 'fre' ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '112', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => 'Cartes_des_hotspots_de_La_Planete_Revisitee_vignette_112.jpg', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'ordre' => '0', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) ) ) $item = array( 'id' => '100', 'titre' => 'Mapping biodiversity: the hotspots ', 'surtitre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>At the end of the 1980ies, a revolution took place in the area of the biology of conservation. Its beginning was the question of a researcher, Norman Myers: “In which area of the world does a dollar spent have the biggest effect on slowing down current extinction?” In an attempt to answer this question, he made a synthesis of the existing literature which led to the formulation in 1988 of his theory of hotspots, “the most important contribution to the biology of conservation of the last century” according to Edward O. Wilson, one of the fathers of the concept of ((biodiversity))__:diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. On the basis of these works, the NGO Conservation International, founded in 1987, defined a number of hotspots. Today there are 34 hotspots which are the object of a widely shared consensus. Among these, the destinations of “La Planète Revisitée” have been chosen. </p> <p>For a region to be considered as a hotspot of diversity, two conditions have to be fulfilled:<br />- the region has to accommodate at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (any plants, except for algae, mosses and lichen), i.e. more than 0.5% of the total number of species of ((vascular plants)) __: Vegetal characterised by the presence of roots, a stem, leaves and special tissues forming vessels which allow for the circulation of the sap. The name vascular plant thus refers to plants with flowers and seeds as well as to ferns.___ which are currently known. These plants have been chosen as references since these are the most comprehensively recorded ones amongst living species.<br />- the region has to have lost more than 70% of its species since the period of time when people started to modify landscapes, i.e. about 8,000 years ago.<br />However, despite these common criteria, the level of threat weighing on each hotspot may vary considerably. For example, the southern forests of Chile, the least degraded hotspots, still preserve 30% of their initial coverage while no more than 10% of the original surfaces of the ecosystems of the 11 most threatened hotspots are left. <br />It is these 11 regions where a record number of species of plants and endemic animals whose extinction is imminent and on which the expeditions of “La Planète Revisitée” will focus concentrates.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) $vignettes = array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '112', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => 'Cartes_des_hotspots_de_La_Planete_Revisitee_vignette_112.jpg', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'ordre' => '0', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) ) $pdfs = array() $d_vignettes = array() $sons = array() $videos = array() $leslangues = array( 'fr' => 'fra', 'en' => 'eng' )include - APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 11 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1217 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 69 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ?? 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At the end of the 1980ies, a revolution took place in the area of the biology of conservation. Its beginning was the question of a researcher, Norman Myers: “In which area of the world does a dollar spent have the biggest effect on slowing down current extinction?” In an attempt to answer this question, he made a synthesis of the existing literature which led to the formulation in 1988 of his theory of hotspots, “the most important contribution to the biology of conservation of the last century” according to Edward O. Wilson, one of the fathers of the concept of biodiversity:diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.. On the basis of these works, the NGO Conservation International, founded in 1987, defined a number of hotspots. Today there are 34 hotspots which are the object of a widely shared consensus. Among these, the destinations of “La Planète Revisitée” have been chosen.
For a region to be considered as a hotspot of diversity, two conditions have to be fulfilled:
- the region has to accommodate at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (any plants, except for algae, mosses and lichen), i.e. more than 0.5% of the total number of species of vascular plants : Vegetal characterised by the presence of roots, a stem, leaves and special tissues forming vessels which allow for the circulation of the sap. The name vascular plant thus refers to plants with flowers and seeds as well as to ferns.which are currently known. These plants have been chosen as references since these are the most comprehensively recorded ones amongst living species.
- the region has to have lost more than 70% of its species since the period of time when people started to modify landscapes, i.e. about 8,000 years ago.
However, despite these common criteria, the level of threat weighing on each hotspot may vary considerably. For example, the southern forests of Chile, the least degraded hotspots, still preserve 30% of their initial coverage while no more than 10% of the original surfaces of the ecosystems of the 11 most threatened hotspots are left.
It is these 11 regions where a record number of species of plants and endemic animals whose extinction is imminent and on which the expeditions of “La Planète Revisitée” will focus concentrates.
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'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>At the end of the 1980ies, a revolution took place in the area of the biology of conservation. Its beginning was the question of a researcher, Norman Myers: “In which area of the world does a dollar spent have the biggest effect on slowing down current extinction?” In an attempt to answer this question, he made a synthesis of the existing literature which led to the formulation in 1988 of his theory of hotspots, “the most important contribution to the biology of conservation of the last century” according to Edward O. Wilson, one of the fathers of the concept of ((biodiversity))__:diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. On the basis of these works, the NGO Conservation International, founded in 1987, defined a number of hotspots. Today there are 34 hotspots which are the object of a widely shared consensus. Among these, the destinations of “La Planète Revisitée” have been chosen. </p> <p>For a region to be considered as a hotspot of diversity, two conditions have to be fulfilled:<br />- the region has to accommodate at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (any plants, except for algae, mosses and lichen), i.e. more than 0.5% of the total number of species of ((vascular plants)) __: Vegetal characterised by the presence of roots, a stem, leaves and special tissues forming vessels which allow for the circulation of the sap. The name vascular plant thus refers to plants with flowers and seeds as well as to ferns.___ which are currently known. These plants have been chosen as references since these are the most comprehensively recorded ones amongst living species.<br />- the region has to have lost more than 70% of its species since the period of time when people started to modify landscapes, i.e. about 8,000 years ago.<br />However, despite these common criteria, the level of threat weighing on each hotspot may vary considerably. For example, the southern forests of Chile, the least degraded hotspots, still preserve 30% of their initial coverage while no more than 10% of the original surfaces of the ecosystems of the 11 most threatened hotspots are left. <br />It is these 11 regions where a record number of species of plants and endemic animals whose extinction is imminent and on which the expeditions of “La Planète Revisitée” will focus concentrates.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '146', 'titre' => 'Cartographier la biodiversité : les hotspots 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>There, the researchers will establish detailed inventories of the limited geographical areas while concentrating on the small species which are naturally rare and habitually neglected by the organisms of protection and conservation. In fact, although the “Rapid Assessments*” which are used for rapidly mapping hotspots of the planet have proven their effectiveness, the majority of them is based on the “big charismatic fauna” and vascular plants. This approach leaves numerous species which are less “visible” (fungi, insects etc.) aside although this small nation of biodiversity play a fundamental role within the frame of ecosystems.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '101', 'titre' => 'Hotspots, one vision among others', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Although the scientific community globally and enthusiastically appreciates hotspots, these still raise a number of questions. First of all, the lack of reliable data regarding the distribution of species over the planet constitutes an important bias within the evaluation of the zones to be protected. Certainly, the hotspots concentrate 42% of the endemic species of vertebrates and 50% of the endemic vascular plants on 16% of the emerged surfaces but the major part of biodiversity consists of the smaller species which are hardly known. Moreover, the criteria for the selection of hotspots which are very arbitrary are also being discussed: the variations of the vegetal biodiversity cannot be systematically superposed to the variations of the biodiversity of other species. This finding prompted Birdlife International to define “endemic bird areas” which decisively differ from hotspots. In fact, the hotspots are mainly located in tropical forest areas which excludes ecosystems such as swamps which are however important for the biogeochemical cycles. In order to include these “cold spots” in the agendas of conservation, the WWF thus decided to define “ecoregions” on the basis of the criteria of endemism, specific richness and taxonomic rarity on the one hand and of the presence of original ecological and evolution processes on the other hand.<br />All these points of view which are at a time complementary and divergent are the expression of one single reality: we are terribly lacking knowledge on our environment and only the synergy of all the actors of conservation will allow for a bridging of these gaps.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '0', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => null, 'group_id' => null, 'nom' => null, 'prenom' => null, 'username' => null, 'bloque' => null ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '108', 'titre' => 'Marine environment: a particular problem', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>If the notion of geographic areas has a sense when one considers terrestrial ecosystems, things get complicated as soon as the interest is directed at the marine environment. In fact, the spatial distribution of species is very different, there, and there is actually no notion of endemism as per country or micro-region. Instead, what can be found in the oceans are zones which accommodate a large biodiversity such as South-East Asia and the Coral Triangle as well as the peripheral zones which are mainly less rich in species (even though the latter may sometimes accommodate specimen which are important due to their originality although they are less populated). In other words: if it is possible for terrestrial ecosystems to identify those zones which should be preserved with priority by crossing the criteria “numerous endemic species” + “considerable destruction of habitats”, this framework does not apply to the oceans. However, these cover more than 70% of the planet and accommodate 32 of the known 33 phylums 15 of which are exclusively marine! In the oceans more than in the geographical regions, it is mainly the condition of the various big types of habitats (coral reefs, mangroves...) which will help to measure the vulnerability of marine species.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 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'', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>There, the researchers will establish detailed inventories of the limited geographical areas while concentrating on the small species which are naturally rare and habitually neglected by the organisms of protection and conservation. In fact, although the “Rapid Assessments*” which are used for rapidly mapping hotspots of the planet have proven their effectiveness, the majority of them is based on the “big charismatic fauna” and vascular plants. This approach leaves numerous species which are less “visible” (fungi, insects etc.) aside although this small nation of biodiversity play a fundamental role within the frame of ecosystems.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '5402', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '146', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Cartographier la biodiversité : les hotspots 2' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5406', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '146', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Cartographier la biodiversité : les hotspots 2' ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '5403', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '146', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5407', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '146', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '5404', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '146', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5408', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '146', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '5409', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '146', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p>Toutefois, malgré ces critères communs, le niveau de menace qui pèse sur chaque hotspot peut varier énormément. Ainsi, le moins dégradé des hotpsots (les forêts australes du Chili) conserve encore 30% de son couvert initial, tandis qu'il ne reste que 10% de la superficie originelle des 11 hotspots les plus menacés. C'est sur ces 11 régions, qui concentrent un nombre record d’espèces de plantes et d’animaux endémiques dont l’extinction est peut-être imminente, que se focaliseront les expéditions de « La Planète Revisitée ».<br /><br />Les chercheurs y feront des inventaires approfondis sur des espaces géographiques restreints, en se concentrant sur les espèces petite taille, naturellement rares et habituellement négligées par les organismes de protection et de conservation. En effet, si les « Rapid Assessments* » utilisés pour cartographier rapidement les hotspots à l'échelle planétaire ont fait la preuve de leur efficacité, ils sont en grande partie fondés sur la « grande faune charismatique » et les plantes vasculaires. Une approche qui laisse de côté de nombreuses espèces moins « visibles » (champignons, insectes etc.), alors même que ce petit peuple de la biodiversité joue un rôle fondamental au sein des écosystèmes.</p>' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5410', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '146', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p>There, the researchers will establish detailed inventories of the limited geographical areas while concentrating on the small species which are naturally rare and habitually neglected by the organisms of protection and conservation. In fact, although the “Rapid Assessments*” which are used for rapidly mapping hotspots of the planet have proven their effectiveness, the majority of them is based on the “big charismatic fauna” and vascular plants. 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In fact, although the “Rapid Assessments*” which are used for rapidly mapping hotspots of the planet have proven their effectiveness, the majority of them is based on the “big charismatic fauna” and vascular plants. This approach leaves numerous species which are less “visible” (fungi, insects etc.) aside although this small nation of biodiversity play a fundamental role within the frame of ecosystems.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) $vignettes = array() $pdfs = array() $d_vignettes = array() $sons = array() $videos = array() $leslangues = array( 'fr' => 'fra', 'en' => 'eng' )include - APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 11 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1217 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 69 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ?? Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 490 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118
There, the researchers will establish detailed inventories of the limited geographical areas while concentrating on the small species which are naturally rare and habitually neglected by the organisms of protection and conservation. In fact, although the “Rapid Assessments*” which are used for rapidly mapping hotspots of the planet have proven their effectiveness, the majority of them is based on the “big charismatic fauna” and vascular plants. This approach leaves numerous species which are less “visible” (fungi, insects etc.) aside although this small nation of biodiversity play a fundamental role within the frame of ecosystems.
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Its beginning was the question of a researcher, Norman Myers: “In which area of the world does a dollar spent have the biggest effect on slowing down current extinction?” In an attempt to answer this question, he made a synthesis of the existing literature which led to the formulation in 1988 of his theory of hotspots, “the most important contribution to the biology of conservation of the last century” according to Edward O. Wilson, one of the fathers of the concept of ((biodiversity))__:diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. On the basis of these works, the NGO Conservation International, founded in 1987, defined a number of hotspots. Today there are 34 hotspots which are the object of a widely shared consensus. Among these, the destinations of “La Planète Revisitée” have been chosen. </p> <p>For a region to be considered as a hotspot of diversity, two conditions have to be fulfilled:<br />- the region has to accommodate at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (any plants, except for algae, mosses and lichen), i.e. more than 0.5% of the total number of species of ((vascular plants)) __: Vegetal characterised by the presence of roots, a stem, leaves and special tissues forming vessels which allow for the circulation of the sap. The name vascular plant thus refers to plants with flowers and seeds as well as to ferns.___ which are currently known. These plants have been chosen as references since these are the most comprehensively recorded ones amongst living species.<br />- the region has to have lost more than 70% of its species since the period of time when people started to modify landscapes, i.e. about 8,000 years ago.<br />However, despite these common criteria, the level of threat weighing on each hotspot may vary considerably. For example, the southern forests of Chile, the least degraded hotspots, still preserve 30% of their initial coverage while no more than 10% of the original surfaces of the ecosystems of the 11 most threatened hotspots are left. <br />It is these 11 regions where a record number of species of plants and endemic animals whose extinction is imminent and on which the expeditions of “La Planète Revisitée” will focus concentrates.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '146', 'titre' => 'Cartographier la biodiversité : les hotspots 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>There, the researchers will establish detailed inventories of the limited geographical areas while concentrating on the small species which are naturally rare and habitually neglected by the organisms of protection and conservation. In fact, although the “Rapid Assessments*” which are used for rapidly mapping hotspots of the planet have proven their effectiveness, the majority of them is based on the “big charismatic fauna” and vascular plants. 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In fact, the spatial distribution of species is very different, there, and there is actually no notion of endemism as per country or micro-region. Instead, what can be found in the oceans are zones which accommodate a large biodiversity such as South-East Asia and the Coral Triangle as well as the peripheral zones which are mainly less rich in species (even though the latter may sometimes accommodate specimen which are important due to their originality although they are less populated). In other words: if it is possible for terrestrial ecosystems to identify those zones which should be preserved with priority by crossing the criteria “numerous endemic species” + “considerable destruction of habitats”, this framework does not apply to the oceans. However, these cover more than 70% of the planet and accommodate 32 of the known 33 phylums 15 of which are exclusively marine! 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=> '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Although the scientific community globally and enthusiastically appreciates hotspots, these still raise a number of questions. 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In order to include these “cold spots” in the agendas of conservation, the WWF thus decided to define “ecoregions” on the basis of the criteria of endemism, specific richness and taxonomic rarity on the one hand and of the presence of original ecological and evolution processes on the other hand.<br />All these points of view which are at a time complementary and divergent are the expression of one single reality: we are terribly lacking knowledge on our environment and only the synergy of all the actors of conservation will allow for a bridging of these gaps.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '0', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => null, 'group_id' => null, 'nom' => null, 'prenom' => null, 'username' => null, 'bloque' => null ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4665', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '101', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Les hotspots, une vision parmi d'autres' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4669', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '101', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Hotspots, one vision among others' ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4666', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '101', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4670', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '101', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4667', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '101', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4671', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '101', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4672', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '101', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>Malgré un accueil globalement enthousiaste de la part de la communauté scientifique, les hotspots soulèvent un certain nombre de questions. Tout d'abord, le manque de données fiables sur la répartition des espèces à l'échelle de la planète constitue un biais important dans l'évaluation des zones à protéger. Certes, les hotspots concentrent, sur 16% des surfaces émergées, 42% des espèces de vertébrés et 50 % des plantes vasculaires endémiques, mais la majeure partie de la biodiversité est constituée par des espèces beaucoup plus petites, peu connues. Ensuite, les critères de sélection des hotspots, forcément arbitraires, sont également sujets à discussion : les variations de biodiversité végétale ne sont pas systématiquement superposables aux variations de la biodiversité chez d'autres espèces. Un constat qui a amené Birdlife International à définir des « aires d'oiseaux endémiques » sensiblement différentes des hotspots. Enfin, les hotspots sont principalement situés dans des zones de forêts tropicales. Ce qui exclut des écosystèmes tels que les zones humides, pourtant fondamentales pour les cycles biogéochimiques. 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Although the scientific community globally and enthusiastically appreciates hotspots, these still raise a number of questions. First of all, the lack of reliable data regarding the distribution of species over the planet constitutes an important bias within the evaluation of the zones to be protected. Certainly, the hotspots concentrate 42% of the endemic species of vertebrates and 50% of the endemic vascular plants on 16% of the emerged surfaces but the major part of biodiversity consists of the smaller species which are hardly known. Moreover, the criteria for the selection of hotspots which are very arbitrary are also being discussed: the variations of the vegetal biodiversity cannot be systematically superposed to the variations of the biodiversity of other species. This finding prompted Birdlife International to define “endemic bird areas” which decisively differ from hotspots. In fact, the hotspots are mainly located in tropical forest areas which excludes ecosystems such as swamps which are however important for the biogeochemical cycles. In order to include these “cold spots” in the agendas of conservation, the WWF thus decided to define “ecoregions” on the basis of the criteria of endemism, specific richness and taxonomic rarity on the one hand and of the presence of original ecological and evolution processes on the other hand.
All these points of view which are at a time complementary and divergent are the expression of one single reality: we are terribly lacking knowledge on our environment and only the synergy of all the actors of conservation will allow for a bridging of these gaps.
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In fact, the spatial distribution of species is very different, there, and there is actually no notion of endemism as per country or micro-region. Instead, what can be found in the oceans are zones which accommodate a large biodiversity such as South-East Asia and the Coral Triangle as well as the peripheral zones which are mainly less rich in species (even though the latter may sometimes accommodate specimen which are important due to their originality although they are less populated). In other words: if it is possible for terrestrial ecosystems to identify those zones which should be preserved with priority by crossing the criteria “numerous endemic species” + “considerable destruction of habitats”, this framework does not apply to the oceans. However, these cover more than 70% of the planet and accommodate 32 of the known 33 phylums 15 of which are exclusively marine! 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'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>At the end of the 1980ies, a revolution took place in the area of the biology of conservation. Its beginning was the question of a researcher, Norman Myers: “In which area of the world does a dollar spent have the biggest effect on slowing down current extinction?” In an attempt to answer this question, he made a synthesis of the existing literature which led to the formulation in 1988 of his theory of hotspots, “the most important contribution to the biology of conservation of the last century” according to Edward O. Wilson, one of the fathers of the concept of ((biodiversity))__:diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. On the basis of these works, the NGO Conservation International, founded in 1987, defined a number of hotspots. Today there are 34 hotspots which are the object of a widely shared consensus. Among these, the destinations of “La Planète Revisitée” have been chosen. </p> <p>For a region to be considered as a hotspot of diversity, two conditions have to be fulfilled:<br />- the region has to accommodate at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (any plants, except for algae, mosses and lichen), i.e. more than 0.5% of the total number of species of ((vascular plants)) __: Vegetal characterised by the presence of roots, a stem, leaves and special tissues forming vessels which allow for the circulation of the sap. The name vascular plant thus refers to plants with flowers and seeds as well as to ferns.___ which are currently known. These plants have been chosen as references since these are the most comprehensively recorded ones amongst living species.<br />- the region has to have lost more than 70% of its species since the period of time when people started to modify landscapes, i.e. about 8,000 years ago.<br />However, despite these common criteria, the level of threat weighing on each hotspot may vary considerably. For example, the southern forests of Chile, the least degraded hotspots, still preserve 30% of their initial coverage while no more than 10% of the original surfaces of the ecosystems of the 11 most threatened hotspots are left. <br />It is these 11 regions where a record number of species of plants and endemic animals whose extinction is imminent and on which the expeditions of “La Planète Revisitée” will focus concentrates.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '146', 'titre' => 'Cartographier la biodiversité : les hotspots 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>There, the researchers will establish detailed inventories of the limited geographical areas while concentrating on the small species which are naturally rare and habitually neglected by the organisms of protection and conservation. In fact, although the “Rapid Assessments*” which are used for rapidly mapping hotspots of the planet have proven their effectiveness, the majority of them is based on the “big charismatic fauna” and vascular plants. This approach leaves numerous species which are less “visible” (fungi, insects etc.) aside although this small nation of biodiversity play a fundamental role within the frame of ecosystems.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '101', 'titre' => 'Hotspots, one vision among others', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Although the scientific community globally and enthusiastically appreciates hotspots, these still raise a number of questions. First of all, the lack of reliable data regarding the distribution of species over the planet constitutes an important bias within the evaluation of the zones to be protected. Certainly, the hotspots concentrate 42% of the endemic species of vertebrates and 50% of the endemic vascular plants on 16% of the emerged surfaces but the major part of biodiversity consists of the smaller species which are hardly known. Moreover, the criteria for the selection of hotspots which are very arbitrary are also being discussed: the variations of the vegetal biodiversity cannot be systematically superposed to the variations of the biodiversity of other species. This finding prompted Birdlife International to define “endemic bird areas” which decisively differ from hotspots. In fact, the hotspots are mainly located in tropical forest areas which excludes ecosystems such as swamps which are however important for the biogeochemical cycles. In order to include these “cold spots” in the agendas of conservation, the WWF thus decided to define “ecoregions” on the basis of the criteria of endemism, specific richness and taxonomic rarity on the one hand and of the presence of original ecological and evolution processes on the other hand.<br />All these points of view which are at a time complementary and divergent are the expression of one single reality: we are terribly lacking knowledge on our environment and only the synergy of all the actors of conservation will allow for a bridging of these gaps.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '0', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => null, 'group_id' => null, 'nom' => null, 'prenom' => null, 'username' => null, 'bloque' => null ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '108', 'titre' => 'Marine environment: a particular problem', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>If the notion of geographic areas has a sense when one considers terrestrial ecosystems, things get complicated as soon as the interest is directed at the marine environment. In fact, the spatial distribution of species is very different, there, and there is actually no notion of endemism as per country or micro-region. Instead, what can be found in the oceans are zones which accommodate a large biodiversity such as South-East Asia and the Coral Triangle as well as the peripheral zones which are mainly less rich in species (even though the latter may sometimes accommodate specimen which are important due to their originality although they are less populated). In other words: if it is possible for terrestrial ecosystems to identify those zones which should be preserved with priority by crossing the criteria “numerous endemic species” + “considerable destruction of habitats”, this framework does not apply to the oceans. However, these cover more than 70% of the planet and accommodate 32 of the known 33 phylums 15 of which are exclusively marine! In the oceans more than in the geographical regions, it is mainly the condition of the various big types of habitats (coral reefs, mangroves...) which will help to measure the vulnerability of marine species.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ) ) $rubrique_mere = array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '1', 'url' => 'home', 'titre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_1.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '77', 'niceurldestination' => 'home', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_fre_1.png', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => 'css=planete', 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'28' ), 'Typerubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'titre' => 'normal', 'commentaire' => '', 'ordre' => '10' ), 'Site' => array(), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2182', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'La Planète Revisitée' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2184', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Our Planet Reviewed' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2183', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2185', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Presentations' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2186', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'presentation', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2187', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'presentation', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Urls' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2188', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'url', 'content' => 'accueil' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2189', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'url', 'content' => 'home' ) ), 'Niceurldestinations' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2190', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'accueil' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2191', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'home' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ) $classebody = (int) 0 $article = array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '108', 'titre' => 'Marine environment: a particular problem', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>If the notion of geographic areas has a sense when one considers terrestrial ecosystems, things get complicated as soon as the interest is directed at the marine environment. In fact, the spatial distribution of species is very different, there, and there is actually no notion of endemism as per country or micro-region. Instead, what can be found in the oceans are zones which accommodate a large biodiversity such as South-East Asia and the Coral Triangle as well as the peripheral zones which are mainly less rich in species (even though the latter may sometimes accommodate specimen which are important due to their originality although they are less populated). In other words: if it is possible for terrestrial ecosystems to identify those zones which should be preserved with priority by crossing the criteria “numerous endemic species” + “considerable destruction of habitats”, this framework does not apply to the oceans. However, these cover more than 70% of the planet and accommodate 32 of the known 33 phylums 15 of which are exclusively marine! In the oceans more than in the geographical regions, it is mainly the condition of the various big types of habitats (coral reefs, mangroves...) which will help to measure the vulnerability of marine species.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4761', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '108', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Le milieu marin : une problématique particulière' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4765', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '108', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Marine environment: a particular problem' ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4762', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '108', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4766', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '108', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4763', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '108', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4767', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '108', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4768', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '108', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>Si la notion d'aires géographiques a un sens lorsqu'on considère des écosystèmes terrestres, les choses se compliquent dès lors que l'on s'intéresse au milieu marin. En effet, la répartition spatiale des espèces y est très différente, notamment en raison des courants, et la notion d'endémisme par pays ou par micro-région n'existe pas vraiment. On trouve plutôt dans les océans des zones abritant une grande biodiversité, telle que l'Asie du Sud-Est et le Triangle de Corail, et des zones périphériques à priori moins riches en espèces (même si ces dernières, bien que moins peuplées, peuvent toutefois abriter des spécimen importants de par leur originalité). En d'autres termes, si, pour les écosystèmes terrestres, il est possible d'identifier avec une relative efficacité les zones à conserver en priorité en croisant les critères « nombreuses espèces endémiques » + « destruction importante des habitats », cette grille de lecture ne s'applique pas pour les océans. Or ceux-ci recouvrent plus de 70% de la planète, et abritent 32 des 33 ((phylums)) __ (embranchement) : terme issu de la systématique classique (linnéenne) n’utilisant pas la notion de rang, pour désigner une série homogène de taxons (lignée) dérivant d’un taxon donné.___ connus, dont 15 sont exclusivement marins ! Dans les océans, et plus particulièrement les zones côtières, c'est avant tout l'état des différents grands types d'habitats (récifs coralliens, mangroves...) qui va servir à mesurer la vulnérabilité des espèces marines.</p>' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4769', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '108', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>If the notion of geographic areas has a sense when one considers terrestrial ecosystems, things get complicated as soon as the interest is directed at the marine environment. In fact, the spatial distribution of species is very different, there, and there is actually no notion of endemism as per country or micro-region. Instead, what can be found in the oceans are zones which accommodate a large biodiversity such as South-East Asia and the Coral Triangle as well as the peripheral zones which are mainly less rich in species (even though the latter may sometimes accommodate specimen which are important due to their originality although they are less populated). In other words: if it is possible for terrestrial ecosystems to identify those zones which should be preserved with priority by crossing the criteria “numerous endemic species” + “considerable destruction of habitats”, this framework does not apply to the oceans. However, these cover more than 70% of the planet and accommodate 32 of the known 33 phylums 15 of which are exclusively marine! In the oceans more than in the geographical regions, it is mainly the condition of the various big types of habitats (coral reefs, mangroves...) which will help to measure the vulnerability of marine species.</p>' ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '4764', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '108', 'field' => 'libelle_zip', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '4770', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '108', 'field' => 'libelle_zip', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '1', 'codelang' => 'fre' ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ) $item = array( 'id' => '108', 'titre' => 'Marine environment: a particular problem', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>If the notion of geographic areas has a sense when one considers terrestrial ecosystems, things get complicated as soon as the interest is directed at the marine environment. In fact, the spatial distribution of species is very different, there, and there is actually no notion of endemism as per country or micro-region. Instead, what can be found in the oceans are zones which accommodate a large biodiversity such as South-East Asia and the Coral Triangle as well as the peripheral zones which are mainly less rich in species (even though the latter may sometimes accommodate specimen which are important due to their originality although they are less populated). In other words: if it is possible for terrestrial ecosystems to identify those zones which should be preserved with priority by crossing the criteria “numerous endemic species” + “considerable destruction of habitats”, this framework does not apply to the oceans. However, these cover more than 70% of the planet and accommodate 32 of the known 33 phylums 15 of which are exclusively marine! In the oceans more than in the geographical regions, it is mainly the condition of the various big types of habitats (coral reefs, mangroves...) which will help to measure the vulnerability of marine species.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-01', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) $vignettes = array() $pdfs = array() $d_vignettes = array() $sons = array() $videos = array() $leslangues = array( 'fr' => 'fra', 'en' => 'eng' )include - APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 11 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1217 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 69 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ?? Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 490 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118
If the notion of geographic areas has a sense when one considers terrestrial ecosystems, things get complicated as soon as the interest is directed at the marine environment. In fact, the spatial distribution of species is very different, there, and there is actually no notion of endemism as per country or micro-region. Instead, what can be found in the oceans are zones which accommodate a large biodiversity such as South-East Asia and the Coral Triangle as well as the peripheral zones which are mainly less rich in species (even though the latter may sometimes accommodate specimen which are important due to their originality although they are less populated). In other words: if it is possible for terrestrial ecosystems to identify those zones which should be preserved with priority by crossing the criteria “numerous endemic species” + “considerable destruction of habitats”, this framework does not apply to the oceans. However, these cover more than 70% of the planet and accommodate 32 of the known 33 phylums 15 of which are exclusively marine! In the oceans more than in the geographical regions, it is mainly the condition of the various big types of habitats (coral reefs, mangroves...) which will help to measure the vulnerability of marine species.