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$contenus_traduits = array( (int) 0 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '141', 'titre' => 'Biodiversity, a quite young concept', 'surtitre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The first naturalist expeditions with the aim of scientifically describing the living world date back to the middle of the 18th century. Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '142', 'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 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'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => null, 'lft' => '5', 'rght' => '28' ), 'Typerubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'titre' => 'normal', 'commentaire' => '', 'ordre' => '10' ), 'Site' => array(), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2182', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'La Planète Revisitée' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2184', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Our Planet Reviewed' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2183', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2185', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Presentations' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2186', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'presentation', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2187', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'presentation', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Urls' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2188', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'url', 'content' => 'accueil' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2189', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'url', 'content' => 'home' ) ), 'Niceurldestinations' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2190', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'accueil' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2191', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'home' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ) $classebody = (int) 0 $typerubrique = 'normal' $leslangues = array( 'fr' => 'fra', 'en' => 'eng' )include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 8 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ?? Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 490 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118
Notice (8): Undefined index: http: [APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 11]Code Context$videos=$article['Video'];
$leslangues=Configure::read('Config.languages');
$lalangue=$leslangues[$this->params['lang']];
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Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. 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concept', 'surtitre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The first naturalist expeditions with the aim of scientifically describing the living world date back to the middle of the 18th century. Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '142', 'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 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'titre' => 'Biodiversity, a quite young concept', 'surtitre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The first naturalist expeditions with the aim of scientifically describing the living world date back to the middle of the 18th century. 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Près de deux cent cinquante ans plus tard, au milieu des années 1970, les biologistes pensaient avoir réalisé la moitié de l'inventaire des espèces animales et végétales peuplant la planète. Optimistes, ils imaginaient toucher au but et obtenir, dans un délai raisonnable, un catalogue exhaustif du monde vivant. Un espoir que les années 80 allaient réduire à néant... La mise au point de nouvelles méthodes d'échantillonnage de la petite faune conduisirent en effet à une réévaluation brutale des pronostics. Et à la création d'un nouveau mot, en 1986, suite au premier forum américain sur la diversité biologique : biodiversité.</p> <p>Ce terme fit le tour du monde, même si le concept qu'il désigne reste difficile à définir. Selon Edward O. Wilson, dont les écrits furent parmi les premiers à mentionner le mot biodiversité, il s'agit de la diversité de toutes les formes du vivant, qui s'exprime à trois niveaux : les écosystèmes, les espèces qui composent ces écosystèmes, et enfin les gènes caractéristiques de chaque espèce.</p>' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5352', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '141', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>The first naturalist expeditions with the aim of scientifically describing the living world date back to the middle of the 18th century. Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... 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Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. 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From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 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The first naturalist expeditions with the aim of scientifically describing the living world date back to the middle of the 18th century. Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: biodiversity: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.
Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.
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Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. 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From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 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'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. 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</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p>Contrairement aux cinq précédentes crises d'extinction des espèces vivantes, celle qui se déroule en ce moment ne résulte pas de catastrophes naturelles. Elle est le fait d'une seule espèce : Homo sapiens, « l'homme sage ». Le ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment)), __l’Évaluation des Écosystèmes pour le Millénaire, commandée par les Nations-Unies, a été réalisée entre 2001 et 2005 pour évaluer les conséquences de l’état des écosystèmes sur le bien-être de l’Humanité, afin de renforcer la capacité à les gérer durablement. Les conclusions de ce travail transdisciplinaire (anthropologues, écologues, biologistes, économistes), sont très pessimistes. Même si une amélioration du bien-être des hommes est observée dans beaucoup de régions du monde, environ 60 % des services fournis par les écosystèmes sont dégradés ou surexploités. Les effets négatifs de cette dégradation risquent de s’aggraver de façon significative dans les 50 ans qui viennent.___ un rapport publié en 2005, montre qu'au cours des 50 dernières années, l'être humain a davantage transformé son environnement qu'au cours de toute son histoire. Avec pour conséquence une perte de biodiversité aboutissant à une dégradation des nombreux ((services écologiques)) __: services fournis par les écosystèmes et qui permettent la vie sur terre (par ex. la fourniture d’eau douce, les stocks de pêche, la régulation de l’air et de l’eau, la régulation des climats régionaux, des risques naturels et des parasites).___ rendus par les écosystèmes : approvisionnement en nourriture (pêche, agriculture...), en eau douce, maintien des sols, pollinisation, régulation du climat etc. Cette tendance est en passe de s'accentuer fortement au cours du XXI<sup>e</sup> siècle, ce qui risque d'augmenter encore la pauvreté et la famine pour la majeure partie de l'humanité. Laquelle, pour subsister, se verra dans la nécessité d'accroître la pression sur son environnement, aggravant ainsi la perte de biodiversité par effet d'emballement.</p> <p> </p>' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5362', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '142', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. 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'5340', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '71', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'context' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ) $contenus_traduits = array( (int) 0 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '141', 'titre' => 'Biodiversity, a quite young concept', 'surtitre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The first naturalist expeditions with the aim of scientifically describing the living world date back to the middle of the 18th century. Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '142', 'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 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View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 69 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
The Millenium Ecosystem AssessmentThe Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably., a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.
Notice (8): Undefined index: http: [APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 11]Code Context$videos=$article['Video'];
$leslangues=Configure::read('Config.languages');
$lalangue=$leslangues[$this->params['lang']];
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$contenus_traduits = array( (int) 0 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '141', 'titre' => 'Biodiversity, a quite young concept', 'surtitre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The first naturalist expeditions with the aim of scientifically describing the living world date back to the middle of the 18th century. Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '142', 'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 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'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? 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mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal">Comment briser ce cercle vicieux ? Il n'existe pas de réponse simple. Il faut d’abord mieux connaître la composition et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes qui nous entourent. Mieux les comprendre permettra de mieux les préserver. Mais cette tâche titanesque est compliquée par l'urgence et par le « handicap taxonomique » : comme le soulignent Philippe Bouchet, Hervé Le Guyader et Olivier Pascal, « au rythme actuel de la progression des connaissances, il faudrait 250 à 1 000 ans pour aboutir à l'inventaire de la biodiversité réclamé par les décideurs, les scientifiques et les gestionnaires ». Qui plus est, la biodiversité la plus importante et la plus menacée se trouve dans des pays qui ne possèdent ni les moyens budgétaires ni les infrastructures pour l'étudier. Les gouvernements de ces États souffrent donc d'un déficit de connaissances pour conserver leur patrimoine environnemental. Les pays riches, au contraire, bénéficient de davantage de connaissances concernant leurs écosystèmes, pour des raisons historiques, économiques (moyens financiers plus importants) et biologiques (biodiversité quantitativement moins importante). Toutefois, bien que bénéficiant de conditions plus favorables, ils font eux-aussi face à un handicap taxonomique important, à savoir le manque d'accès à l'information, manque de moyens humains et financiers et la perte d'expertise liée au vieillissement de la population de spécialistes...</p> </p>' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5372', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '143', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>' ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '5367', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '143', 'field' => 'libelle_zip', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5373', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '143', 'field' => 'libelle_zip', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '1', 'codelang' => 'fre' ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ) $item = array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) $vignettes = array() $pdfs = array() $d_vignettes = array() $sons = array() $videos = array() $leslangues = array( 'fr' => 'fra', 'en' => 'eng' )include - APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 11 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1217 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 69 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ?? 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How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...
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While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. 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array( 'id' => '141', 'titre' => 'Biodiversity, a quite young concept', 'surtitre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The first naturalist expeditions with the aim of scientifically describing the living world date back to the middle of the 18th century. Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '142', 'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 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'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '5374', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '144', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Un foisonnement insoupçonné ' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5378', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '144', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Unexpected expansion' ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '5375', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '144', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5379', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '144', 'field' => 'surtitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '5376', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '144', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5380', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '144', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '5381', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '144', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>Malgré cette situation difficile, les scientifiques continuent de décrire de nouvelles espèces, au rythme d'environ 16 000 par an, en moyenne. Si l'inventaire de groupes tels que les oiseaux ou les grands mammifères est plus ou moins complet, ce n'est pas le cas des mollusques et des insectes qui représenteraient à eux seuls un total de plus de 8 millions d'espèces, dont seulement 1 million a été décrit jusqu'à ce jour. Et si l'on descend encore quelques barreaux sur l'échelle des tailles, jusqu'à atteindre les dimensions des micro-organismes (eucaryotes unicellulaires, bactéries, archées, virus), les chiffres deviennent vertigineux. Sans compter qu'il reste encore beaucoup de milieux très peu étudiés, car difficiles d'accès ou trop récemment découverts, tels les ((sources hydrothermales))__ Les sources hydrothermales sont des zones de fortes activités volcaniques sous-marines, se formant au niveau des dorsales océaniques (-500 à -4000 m). Leur découvertes à la fin années 70 a bouleversé la biologie : véritables oasis de vie au fond des océans, elle abrite une riche biodiversité basé sur une production primaire assurée non plus par des organismes photosynthétiques tirant leur énergie du soleil comme sur terre (plantes) mais par des bactéries chimiosynthétiques qui tirent leur énergie du sulfure d’hydrogène rejeté par les sources hydrothermales.___, les ((suintements froids))__ Découverts au milieu des années 80 sur certaines marges continentales, les suintements froids correspondent à des résurgences naturelles de gaz et d'hydrocarbures, suintant sortant par diffusion au travers des sédiments. Comme dans le cas des sources hydrothermales, des bactéries chimiosynthétiques les producteurs primaires à la base de ces écosystèmes, qui abritent une faune que l'on ne rencontre nulle part ailleurs sur une surface très restreinte.___, les ((abysses)) __ Grands fonds sous-marins situés en moyenne entre 4000 et 6000 mètres de profondeur, composés de la plaine abyssale traversée par les dorsales océaniques et prolongée par des fosses encore plus profondes (la fosse des Mariannes dans le Pacifique atteint 11 000 m de profondeur). Les abysses couvrent 307 millions de kilomètres carrés, soit les deux tiers de la surface du globe. où règnent le froid, l'obscurité, le manque d’oxygène et des très hautes pressions. Cependant, c’est une zone très riche en espèces, souvent aux formes étranges, adaptées aux conditions extrêmes. Leur nombre est estimé à plusieurs dizaines de milliers.___ ou les ((canopées))__ Frondaison formée par les plus hautes branches et le feuillage de la partie supérieure cime des arbres d'une forêt (3-12 m). La canopée abrite d’innombrables espèces,animales, notamment de coléoptères.___...</p>' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5382', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '144', 'field' => 'texte', 'content' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>' ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '5377', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '144', 'field' => 'libelle_zip', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '5391', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Article', 'foreign_key' => '144', 'field' => 'libelle_zip', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '13', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => '', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'source' => '', 'ordre' => '0', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '1', 'codelang' => 'fre' ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '134', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => 'Especes_connues_versus_especes_inconnues_vignette_134.png', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'ordre' => '0', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) ) ) $item = array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. 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Notice (8): getimagesize() [function.getimagesize]: Read error! [APP/View/Elements/article/article_vignettesdroites.ctp, line 37]Code Context}
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Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '142', 'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 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Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as hydrothermal sources: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources., cold seepsCold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface., ocean deeps Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.or canopies: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests....
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array(), 'User' => array() ) $contenus_traduits = array( (int) 0 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '141', 'titre' => 'Biodiversity, a quite young concept', 'surtitre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The first naturalist expeditions with the aim of scientifically describing the living world date back to the middle of the 18th century. Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '142', 'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. 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'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. 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Partant de ce constat, et du fait de l’érosion accélérée de la biodiversité au niveau global, le monde scientifique, associatif et politique a dû se rendre à l'évidence : impossible d'attendre la fin de l'inventaire pour prendre des mesures de protection.</p> <p>Cependant, étant donné qu'il ne sera pas possible, avec les moyens actuels, de sauver tous les espèces, il faudra donc faire des choix. Mais que préserver ? Les 200 éco-régions mondiales du World Wildlife Fund (WWF), les 218 endemic birds areas (aire d'oiseaux endémiques) de Birdlife International, les 34 hotspots de Conservation International ? Chaque ONG de conservation a en effet sa propre vision des priorités en termes de zones à protéger, qui diffèrent selon les critères d'évaluation. Ces régions partagent cependant certaines caractéristiques (niveau de biodiversité élevé, grand nombre d'espèces endémiques etc.) et souvent leurs frontières se chevauchent. Ainsi, les hotspots de biodiversité recouvrent 60% de la surface des 200 éco-régions mondiales du WWF et 78% de la surface des endemic birds areas. Toutefois, même en se contentant des régions qui font consensus, les surfaces à inventorier restent immenses. Or cette étape d'inventaire est incontournable. En effet, seule l'expérience du terrain permet de confronter les théories à la réalité et d'en éprouver la pertinence. Mais, aucune ligne de démarcation ne délimiteles frontières d'un hotspot.</p> <p>Accomplir des inventaires d'une telle ampleur oblige donc les scientifiques à inventer de nouvelles méthodes. 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Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 490 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 193 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 118
Notice (8): getimagesize() [function.getimagesize]: Read error! [APP/View/Elements/article/article_vignettesdroites.ctp, line 37]Code Context}
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Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '142', 'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 2 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ) ) $rubrique_mere = array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '1', 'url' => 'home', 'titre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_1.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '77', 'niceurldestination' => 'home', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_fre_1.png', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => 'css=planete', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => '163', 'lft' => '8', 'rght' => '23', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'Formulaire' => array( 'id' => null, 'titre' => null, 'libelle' => null, 'texte' => null, 'email' => null, 'view_element' => null, 'controller' => null, 'message_confirmation_email' => null, 'message_confirmation' => null, 'sujet_mail' => null, 'message2_confirmation_email' => null, 'message2_confirmation' => null, 'sujet2_mail' => null ), 'ParentRubrique' => array( 'id' => '163', 'url' => 'groupe_1', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 1', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => '', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '163', 'niceurldestination' => 'groupe_1', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => '', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => null, 'lft' => '5', 'rght' => '28' ), 'Typerubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'titre' => 'normal', 'commentaire' => '', 'ordre' => '10' ), 'Site' => array(), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2182', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'La Planète Revisitée' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2184', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'titre', 'content' => 'Our Planet Reviewed' ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2183', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2185', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'soustitre', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Presentations' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2186', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'presentation', 'content' => '' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2187', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'presentation', 'content' => '' ) ), 'Urls' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2188', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'url', 'content' => 'accueil' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2189', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'url', 'content' => 'home' ) ), 'Niceurldestinations' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '2190', 'locale' => 'fra', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'accueil' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '2191', 'locale' => 'eng', 'model' => 'Rubrique', 'foreign_key' => '1', 'field' => 'niceurldestination', 'content' => 'home' ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ) $classebody = (int) 0 $d_vignettes = array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '22', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => '', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'source' => '', 'ordre' => '0', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '24', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => '', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'source' => '', 'ordre' => '1', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), (int) 2 => array( 'id' => '25', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => '', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'source' => '', 'ordre' => '2', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) ) $vignette = array( 'id' => '22', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => '', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'source' => '', 'ordre' => '0', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) $cv = (int) 0 $alt = '' $vig_sanstitre = false $grandeimage = '' $petitevignette = ''getimagesize - [internal], line ?? include - APP/View/Elements/article/article_vignettesdroites.ctp, line 37 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1217 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 45 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1217 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 69 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
Notice (8): getimagesize() [function.getimagesize]: Read error! [APP/View/Elements/article/article_vignettesdroites.ctp, line 37]Code Context}
$tailles = getimagesize(IMAGES . 'vignettes' . DS . $petitevignette);
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'context', 'titre' => 'Context', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'Contexte_71.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '71', 'niceurldestination' => 'context', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => '', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'formulaire_id' => '0', 'parent_id' => '1', 'lft' => '13', 'rght' => '14', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'Formulaire' => array( 'id' => null, 'titre' => null, 'libelle' => null, 'texte' => null, 'email' => null, 'view_element' => null, 'controller' => null, 'message_confirmation_email' => null, 'message_confirmation' => null, 'sujet_mail' => null, 'message2_confirmation_email' => null, 'message2_confirmation' => null, 'sujet2_mail' => null ), 'ParentRubrique' => array( 'id' => '1', 'url' => 'accueil', 'titre' => 'La Planète Revisitée', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_1.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '77', 'niceurldestination' => 'accueil', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_fre_1.png', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => 'css=planete', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => '163', 'lft' => '8', 'rght' => '23' ), 'Typerubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'titre' => 'normal', 'commentaire' => '', 'ordre' => '10' ), 'Site' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 2 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 3 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 4 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Presentations' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Urls' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Niceurldestinations' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ), 'contenus_traduits' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'Article' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'User' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Titres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Surtitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Soustitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Textes' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Libellezips' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Commentaire' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Droitevignette' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Langue' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Lien' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Pdf' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Son' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Video' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Vignette' => array([maximum depth reached]) ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'User' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Titres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Surtitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Soustitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Textes' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Libellezips' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Commentaire' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Droitevignette' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Langue' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Lien' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Pdf' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Son' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Video' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Vignette' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'User' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Titres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Surtitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Soustitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Textes' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Libellezips' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Commentaire' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Droitevignette' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Langue' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Lien' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Pdf' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Son' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Video' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Vignette' => array([maximum depth reached]) ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'User' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Titres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Surtitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Soustitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Textes' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Libellezips' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Commentaire' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Droitevignette' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Langue' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Lien' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Pdf' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Son' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Video' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Vignette' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'User' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Titres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Surtitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Soustitres' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Textes' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Libellezips' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Commentaire' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Droitevignette' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Langue' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Lien' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Pdf' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Son' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Video' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Vignette' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'rubrique_mere' => array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '1', 'url' => 'home', 'titre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_1.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '77', 'niceurldestination' => 'home', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_fre_1.png', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => 'css=planete', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => '163', 'lft' => '8', 'rght' => '23', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'Formulaire' => array( 'id' => null, 'titre' => null, 'libelle' => null, 'texte' => null, 'email' => null, 'view_element' => null, 'controller' => null, 'message_confirmation_email' => null, 'message_confirmation' => null, 'sujet_mail' => null, 'message2_confirmation_email' => null, 'message2_confirmation' => null, 'sujet2_mail' => null ), 'ParentRubrique' => array( 'id' => '163', 'url' => 'groupe_1', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 1', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => '', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '163', 'niceurldestination' => 'groupe_1', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => '', 'imgmenu_on' => '', 'imgmenu_actif' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'formulaire_id' => '1', 'parent_id' => null, 'lft' => '5', 'rght' => '28' ), 'Typerubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'titre' => 'normal', 'commentaire' => '', 'ordre' => '10' ), 'Site' => array(), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Presentations' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Urls' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Niceurldestinations' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Lien' => array(), 'User' => array() ), 'classebody' => (int) 0, 'd_vignettes' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '22', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => '', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'source' => '', 'ordre' => '0', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '24', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => '', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'source' => '', 'ordre' => '1', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), (int) 2 => array( 'id' => '25', 'titre' => '', 'source_petitformat' => '', 'source_grandformat' => '', 'source' => '', 'ordre' => '2', 'legende' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ) ) ) $arborescence = array( (int) 163 => array( 'id' => '163', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 1', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array( (int) 67 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 111 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 6 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 164 => array( 'id' => '164', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 2', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array( (int) 7 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 8 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 65 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 165 => array( 'id' => '165', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 3', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array( (int) 217 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 212 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 3 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 2 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 157 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 166 => array( 'id' => '166', 'titre' => 'GROUPE 4', 'est_groupe' => true, 'children' => array() ) ) $path_ids = array( (int) 0 => '163', (int) 1 => '1', (int) 2 => '71' ) $piedpage = array( (int) 0 => array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '9', 'lft' => '1', 'urldestination' => '9', 'locale' => 'eng', 'titre' => 'Contact', 'niceurldestination' => 'contact' ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '10', 'lft' => '3', 'urldestination' => '10', 'locale' => 'eng', 'titre' => 'Credits', 'niceurldestination' => 'credits' ) ) ) $rubrique = array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '71', 'url' => 'context', 'titre' => 'Context', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'Contexte_71.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '71', 'niceurldestination' => 'context', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' => true, 'imgmenu_off' => '', 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Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '142', 'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 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View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1217 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Elements/article/voir_unarticle.ctp, line 45 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1217 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Rubriques/voir.ctp, line 69 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 961 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 923 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 960 RubriquesController::voir() - APP/Controller/RubriquesController.php, line 333 ReflectionMethod::invokeArgs() - [internal], line ??
Notice (8): getimagesize() [function.getimagesize]: Read error! [APP/View/Elements/article/article_vignettesdroites.ctp, line 37]Code Context}
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Almost two hundred and fifty years later, in the mid-1970ies, biologists thought that they had identified half of the inventory of animal and vegetal species populating the planet. They dreamt, though optimistically so, of reaching the goal and of compiling an exhaustive catalogue of the living world within a reasonable time – a hope which was extinguished by the 1980ies... The development of new methods of sample-taking of little fauna finally led to a sudden re-evaluation of the forecasts and to the creation of a new word in 1986 following the first American forum on biological diversity: ((biodiversity))__: diversity of all the forms of living. Schematically, biodiversity is studies at three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species.___. A term which has spread around the world although the concept it describes is still hard to define. According to Edward O. Wilson whose works have to be counted among the first to mention the word biodiversity, the term refers to the diversity of any forms of living, a variety which can schematically be studied on three levels: ecosystems, the species of which these ecosystems consist and finally the characteristic genes of each species. <br />Today, while 1.8 million species have been described, it is estimated that there are still 10 or maybe even up to 30 million yet to be discovered. And it maybe even more than that. However, the clock is ticking as a major biological crisis makes itself known: the sixth extinction is already happening. In contrast to the five ones before, this one is not result of natural disasters. It is the result of the actions of one single species which at times does not live up to its name: homo sapiens, “the sapient human”.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 1 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '142', 'titre' => 'Racing against the clock with a handicap', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>The ((Millenium Ecosystem Assessment))__The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide. Their findings provide a state-of-the-art scientific appraisal of the condition and trends in the world’s ecosystems and the services they provide, as well as the scientific basis for action to conserve and use them sustainably.___, a report which was published in 2005, shows that the human being has changed his environment more in the past 50 years than at any other point throughout his history. The consequence of this is a loss of biodiversity which leads to a degradation of the numerous services rendered by the ecosystems: provision of food (fishing, agriculture...), of fresh water, pollination, regulation of the climate etc. These tendencies are about to become more intense in the course of the 21st century which will see a further increase in the risk of poverty and starvation for a large part of the worlds population which will then in turn be obliged to increase pressure on their environment to survive which will then again in turn aggravate the loss of biodiversity.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '143', 'titre' => 'Une course contre la montre avec handicap 2', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p>How to break out of this vicious circle? There is no simple answer to this but it would certainly be a starting point to better get to know and understand the ecosystems surrounding us in order to preserve them. This is a titanic task which becomes even more complicated because of the emergency and the “taxonomic handicap”. Behind this expression which has been coined by the members of the Convention on Biological Diversity, facts of life are hidden: the most important and most threatened biodiversity is found in poor countries which neither pocesses the financial means nor the infrastructure to study them and which thus suffer a deficit of knowledge in order to preserve it. For historical, economic and biological reasons, the ecosystems of the richer countries are better known. However, although they benefit from more favourable conditions, they also have to face an important taxonomic handicap: the lack of access to information, the lack of human and financial resources as well as a loss of expertise due to the ageing of the population of specialists...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => 'sanstitre=true', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array(), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array() ), (int) 3 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '144', 'titre' => 'Unexpected expansion', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>Despite this difficult situation, naturalists continue to describe new species with an average rate of about 16,000 per year. While the inventory of groups such as birds or big mammals are more or less complete (new specimen are only rarely discovered), this is not the case with the very small marine or terrestrial species: molluscs, insects... The latter alone already represent a total of more than 8 million species of which only 1million have been described until today. And if one goes down several steps on the scale of size down to the dimensions of micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria, unicellular eucaryotes), the figures become even more vertiginous. Some authors however still think that the majority of the terrestrial biomass could be constituted of the micro-organisms of the ground while others call viruses « the most profuse entity of the planet». These results which are still being discussed among experts however confirm that the 1.8 million species described already only represent a small fractional part of all living species. And in this, it has not even been taken into account that there are many more ecosystems which have hardly been examined as they are difficult access or have only been recently discovered such as ((hydrothermal sources))__: Zones with major under water volcanic activity which develops at the level of oceanic ridges in depths of between 500 and 4,000 m. Their discovery at the end of the 1970ies turned the world of biology upside down: as a virtual oasis of life at the bottom of the oceans, it accommodates a rich biodiversity which is based on primary production which is no longer ensured by photosynthetic organisms taking their energy from the sun as it is on land (plants) but by chemosynthetic bacteria which take their energy from hydrogen sulphide ejected by hydrothermal sources.___, ((cold seeps))__Cold seeps which were discovered in the middle of the 1980ies on certain continental margins correspond to natural emergence of gas and hydrocarbon exuded by sediments. As it is the case with hydrothermal sources, chemosynthetic bacteria are the basis of these ecosystems which accommodate a fauna one cannot find anywhere else on such a limited surface.___, ocean ((deeps)) __Deeps are those zones of the oceans located in a depth of between 4,000 and 6,000 metres. They cover 307 million square kilometres, i.e. two thirds of the surface of the globe. Because of the cold, the obscurity and the very high pressures present there, they have long been considered as a desert. However, it is known that they are actually rich in original species.___or ((canopies))__: vegetal region formed by the highest branches and foliage of the upper part of the trees of a forest. This region is in direct contact with the free atmosphere and light and is particularly rich in terms of biodiversity in the case of tropical forests.___...</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-23', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'Article' => array( 'id' => '145', 'titre' => 'Make choices and change of scale', 'surtitre' => '', 'soustitre' => '', 'chapeau' => '', 'vignette' => '', 'legende' => '', 'texte' => '<p> </p> <p>In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.</p>', 'date' => '2009-10-24', 'enhome' => false, 'enligne' => true, 'affecte' => true, 'libelle_lien' => '', 'imagelien' => '', 'typelien' => '', 'lien' => '', 'parametre' => '', 'user_id' => '19', 'archive' => '', 'libelle_zip' => '', 'locale' => 'eng' ), 'User' => array( 'password' => '*****', 'id' => '19', 'group_id' => '1', 'nom' => 'webmaster', 'prenom' => 'editorial', 'username' => 'webmaster', 'bloque' => false ), 'Titres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Surtitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Soustitres' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Textes' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Libellezips' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Commentaire' => array(), 'Droitevignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 2 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Langue' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Lien' => array(), 'Pdf' => array(), 'Son' => array(), 'Video' => array(), 'Vignette' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ) ) $rubrique_mere = array( 'Rubrique' => array( 'id' => '1', 'url' => 'home', 'titre' => 'Our Planet Reviewed', 'soustitre' => '', 'image' => 'La_Planete_Revisitee_1.jpg', 'type_id' => '10', 'comportement_id' => '0', 'positions' => 'principal', 'groupement' => 'groupe 1', 'urldestination' => '77', 'niceurldestination' => 'home', 'redirectionexterne' => '', 'url_pageexterne' => 'http://', 'presentation' => '', 'arborescence' => '', 'enligne' 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In general, considering the current rhythm of the description of biodiversity, between 250 and 1,000 years would be required in order to achieve a complete inventory. In view of this finding and given the rampant rhythm of today’s destruction of biodiversity, contemporary naturalists had to accept the evidence: it is impossible to wait for the completion of the inventory until protective measures are taken. Since it will not be possible to save all the organisms with the currently available means, choices have to be made. But what shall be preserved? The 200 eco-regions of the world of the World Wildlife Fund, the 218 Endemic Birds Areas of Birdlife International or the 34 hotspots of Conservation International? Each conservation NGO in fact has its own idea of what should be prioritised with regard to the zones to be protected which vary according to the criteria of evaluation. Luckily, these regions all share certain characteristics (elevated level of biodiversity, high number of endemic species etc.) and sometimes, their borders overlap.